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Cognitive theories emphasize children’s active role in the process of gender typing (self-socialization)

Cognitive theories emphasize children’s active role in the process of gender typing (self-socialization). Cognitive Developmental Theory (Kohlberg) Three Stages: Basic Gender Identity: Recognition that one is a boy or a girl Emerges between 2.5 and 3 years. Gender Stability

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Cognitive theories emphasize children’s active role in the process of gender typing (self-socialization)

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  1. Cognitive theories emphasize children’s active role in the process of gender typing (self-socialization)

  2. Cognitive Developmental Theory (Kohlberg) • Three Stages: • Basic Gender Identity: • Recognition that one is a boy or a girl • Emerges between 2.5 and 3 years

  3. Gender Stability • Understanding that gender is stable over time • Emerges between 3 and 5 years

  4. Gender Constancy/Consistency • Understanding that gender is constant/consistent across situations regardless of appearance or activities • Emerges between 5 and 7 years

  5. Kohlberg: Gender constancy leads to gender typing • Why is this incorrect? • Gender typing begins before children have achieved gender constancy

  6. Gender Schema Theory: • Children construct gender schemas • Organized mental representations incorporating information about gender • Include children’s own experiences and information conveyed by others, including gender stereotypes • Schemas are dynamic—change as children acquire additional information

  7. Once children achieve basic gender identity, they are motivated to acquire gender-typed behavior and characteristics • Young children start with a simple “in-group/out-group” gender schema • Motivated to prefer, pay attention to, and remember more about others of their own sex • Form an “own-sex” schema—detailed knowledge about their own gender

  8. Evidence: Gender Schema Theory • Children used gender labels given to toys to guide their behavior • Gender-neutral, unfamiliar toys/objects labelled as “for girls” or “for boys” • Children prefer the toys/objects consistent with their gender

  9. Children show biases in their memory for information about gender • More likely to accurately remember information that is consistent with gender stereotypes • More likely to forget or distort information that is inconsistent with gender stereotypes

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