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Islam

Islam. Sources of Authority and Doctrine ‘. Sources of doctrine: Qur’an. Qur'an (Muslim Scripture) Heavenly book God’s self-revelation Contrast with Jesus in Christian thought Final and complete revelation Previous revelations include some Jewish and Christian scriptures

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Islam

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  1. Islam Sources of Authority and Doctrine ‘

  2. Sources of doctrine: Qur’an • Qur'an (Muslim Scripture) • Heavenly book • God’s self-revelation • Contrast with Jesus in Christian thought • Final and complete revelation • Previous revelations include some Jewish and Christian scriptures • Revealed to Muhammad over course of 23 years • First revelations ethical teaching and the Day of Judgment. Goes on to affirm unity of God and warnings to those that failed to heed God’s messages. Later revelations address social issues pertaining to community • Dictated revelations; memorized by Companions

  3. Sources: Qu’ran (cont.) • Qur’an compiled after Mohammad’s death. • Importance of memory, not writing, during time after Mohammad’s death. • Point of debate as to when Qur'an was compiled but many believe it was between 650-656 under reign of Caliph Uthman whose commission established a single authoritative text • Levels of interpretation/meaning • According to commentator Abdullah Yusuf Ali: • References a particular situation • Spiritual lesson • Mystical meaning

  4. Sources of Doctrine: Hadith/sunna • Body of Tradition: Hadith (sayings and actions of Muhammad; Sunna (way of the Prophet/example) • Many collections – not all equally authoritative • Six collections compiled in 3rd cent. especially authoritative for Sunnis • Helps to outline orthodox parameters • But whose orthodoxy? 3rd cent. or 1st cent? • Shi’ites have their own canonical collection of hadiths (four collections)

  5. Sources of doctrine: Ijtihad • Ijtihad (the attempt to find a doctrinal solution to a new problem using independent reasoning- by a qualified legal scholar) • Closing of the gate of ijtihadin Sunni Islam. • Still practiced in Shi’ism • Resurgence in the last few centuries of legitimacy of ijtihad

  6. Sources of doctrine: ijma • Ijma (juridical consensus) • Based on hadith • Consensus could be scholars (community?) • Emergence of qiyas(reasoning through analogy) • as scholars developed consensus on issues, these issues became closed- thus no longer open to questioning • Creating orthodox positions • Consolidates authority of Ulama

  7. Shari’a • Emphasis on law rather than theology • Islam as submission to will of God • Purpose of revelation differs from Christianity • Revelation as guide for living proper Muslim (submitted) life • Versus God’s self-disclosure for communion in Christianity • Emphasis on orthopraxy (versus orthodoxy; e.g. no creeds in Islam) • Schools of Law • Sunni: Four schools of Law (8th and 9th centuries) • Similar but with different emphases • E.g. some reject ijma (consensus); some allow use of reason, etc. • After codification of law in first three centuries, the work of jurists was only interpretation and application of law (though this is now changing) • Shi’ites have their own school of law

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