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The Science of Psychology

The Science of Psychology. Chapter 1. LO 1.1 Definition and goals of psychology . What is Psychology?. Psychology - scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Behavior - outward or overt actions and reactions. Mental processes - internal, covert activity of our minds.

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The Science of Psychology

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  1. The Science of Psychology Chapter 1

  2. LO 1.1 Definition and goals of psychology What is Psychology? • Psychology - scientific study of behavior and mental processes. • Behavior - outward or overt actions and reactions. • Mental processes - internal, covert activity of our minds. • Psychology is a science Menu

  3. LO 1.1 Definition and goals of psychology Psychology’s Four Goals http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_OBlgSz8sSM • Description • What is happening? • Explanation (theory) • Why is it happening? • Prediction • Will it happen again? • Control • How can it be changed? Menu

  4. In the Beginning • Relatively new field approximately 125 years old • Influenced by: • Philosophers- interested in understanding the human mind and its connection to physical body • Medical doctors and physiologists- interested in the physical connection between body and brain

  5. The Philosophers • Aristotle- Believed the soul and body were aspects of same structure • Plato- Believed soul could exist separately of body • Rene Descartes- Agreed with Plato and believed pineal gland was the seat of the soul

  6. LO 1.2 Structuralism and functionalism Structuralism • Structuralism - focused on structure or basic elements of the mind. • Wilhelm Wundt’s psychology laboratory • Germany in 1879 • Developed the technique of objective introspection • Edward Titchener • Wundt’s student; brought structuralism to America. Menu

  7. LO 1.2 Structuralism and functionalism Functionalism • Functionalism - how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play. • Proposed by William James. • Interested in the importance of consciousness to everyday life rather than analysis of it Menu

  8. LO 1.3 Early Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism Gestalt Psychology • Gestalt – “An organized Whole” psychology. • Started with Wertheimer, who studied sensation and perception. • Believed that psychological events (i.e., perceiving and sensing) could not be broken down into any smaller elements and still be understood Menu

  9. Gestalt Psychology

  10. LO 1.3 Early Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism Psychoanalysis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sj2JFI4BsRQ&feature=related • Freud- Neurologist (specialized in disorders of the nervous system) • Proposed there was an unconscious mind for which we push, or repress, all of our threatening urges and desires • The repressed urges, in trying to surface, created the nervous disorders in patients Menu

  11. LO 1.3 Early Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism Behaviorism • Behaviorism - the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only. • Proposed by John B. Watson. • Based much from work of Ivan Pavlov who demonstrated that a reflex could be conditioned (learned). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CpoLxEN54ho&feature=related • Watson believed that phobias were learned. • Case of “Little Albert” – taught to fear a white rat. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xt0ucxOrPQE Menu

  12. LO 1.4 Modern perspectives Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers Modern Perspectives • Psychodynamic perspective – • Unconscious mind influences behaviors • Development of sense of self and discovery of motivations • Behavioral perspective – • All behavior is learned • Operant conditioning • Reinforcement Menu

  13. LO 1.4 Modern perspectives Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers Modern Perspectives • Humanistic perspective • Free will- freedom to chose destiny • Early founders: • Abraham Maslow • Carl Rogers • Self-actualization - achieving one’s full potential or actual self. Menu

  14. LO 1.4 Modern perspectives Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers Modern Perspectives • Cognitive perspective – • Focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning. Menu

  15. Modern Perspectives • Sociocultural perspective – • http://www.betterdaystv.net/play.php?vid=19442 • Focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture.

  16. LO 1.4 Modern perspectives Skinner, Maslow, and Rogers Modern Perspectives • Biopsychologicalperspective – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKk96kOAnLg • Behavior attributed to genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system. • Evolutionary perspective – • focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics • Behavior seen as having an adaptive or survival value. Menu

  17. LO 1.6 Psychology is a science; steps in scientific method Psychology and the Scientific Method • Scientific method - system of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced. • Steps in the Scientific Method: • Perceive the question • Form a hypothesis • Test hypothesis • Draw conclusions • Report your results so that others can try to replicate it Menu

  18. LO 1.7 Naturalistic and laboratory settings Descriptive Methods • Naturalistic observation • Advantage: • Realistic picture of behavior • Disadvantages: • Observer effect – tendency of observer to influence behavior • Observer bias - tendency of observers to see what they expect to see • Each naturalistic setting is unique and observations may not hold true. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eIG6EMVy6zs&feature=related

  19. LO 1.7 Naturalistic and laboratory settings Descriptive Methods http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6EjJsPylEOY&feature=related • Laboratory observation – observing behavior in a laboratory setting. • Advantages: • Control, allows use of specialized equipment. • Disadvantage: • Artificial situation that may result in artificial behavior. Menu

  20. LO 1.8 Case studies and surveys Descriptive Methods • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kc213mMSsjY&feature=related • Case study - study of one individual in great detail. • Advantage: tremendous amount of detail. • Disadvantage: cannot apply to others. • Famous case study: Phineas Gage. Menu

  21. LO 1.8 Case studies and surveys Descriptive Methods • Surveys – method involving a series of questions • Representative sample - randomly selected from a larger population of subjects. • Population - the entire group • Advantages: • Data from large numbers of people. • Study covert behaviors. • Disadvantages: • Have to ensure representative sample • People are not always accurate (courtesy bias). Menu

  22. Descriptive Methods • Have you ever stolen a street sign before? • Would you rather be attacked by a big bear or a swarm of bees? • What is your biggest pet peeve? • Do you chew your pens and pencils? • What is your Song of the week? • Is it okay for guys to wear pink? • Do you still watch cartoons? • Whats your least favorite movie? • What movies could you watch over and over and still love? • Ever gotten a speeding ticket? • Ran out of gas? • When you were a kid, what did you dress up as for Halloween? • How many languages can you speak? • Afraid of heights? • Sing in the car? • Dance in the car? • Occupations you wanted to be when you were a kid? • Ever have a Deja-vu feeling? • First concert? • Can you curl your tongue? • Own any record albums? • Own a record player? • What was the last concert you saw?

  23. Random Sampling from Population INFERENCE POPULATION SAMPLE Menu

  24. LO 1.9 Correlational technique Finding Relationships • Correlation - a measure of the relationship between two variables • Variable- anything that can change or vary. • Correlation coefficient (r) represents two things: • direction of the relationship. • strength of the relationship. Menu

  25. LO 1.9 Correlational technique Finding Relationships • Positive correlation – variables are related in the same direction. • As one increases, the other increases; as one decreases, the other decreases. • Negative correlation – variables are related in opposite direction. • As one increases, the other decreases. • CORRELATION DOES NOT PROVE CAUSATION • http://www.southparkstudios.com/clips/155004/?tab=playlist • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8dbDJzDV1CM&feature=related Menu

  26. LO 1.10 Experimental approach and terms The Experiment • Experiment- manipulation of a variable to see the effects of another variable • Shows cause-and-effect relationships. • Operational definition – objective definition of a variable (enables it to be directly measured). • Independent variable (IV) – manipulated variable • Dependent variable (DV) – effected variable Menu

  27. LO 1.10 Experimental approach and terms Experiment • Experimental group – Group subjected to independent variable. • Control group – group not subjected to independent variable (controls for confounding variables). • Random assignment - process of assigning to group randomly, equal chance of being in either group. • Controls for confounding (extraneous, interfering) variables. Menu

  28. LO 1.10 Experimental approach and terms Random Assignment Experimental Group Test for Differences SAMPLE Control Group Menu

  29. LO 1.11 Placebo and the experimenter effects The Experiment • Placebo effect – participants’ expectations influence how they behave. • Single-blind study- subjects do not know what group they are in. • Experimenter effect- experimenter influences the results of the study. • Double-blind study - neither the experimenter nor the subjects know the subjects’ group Menu

  30. LO 1.12 Conducting a real experiment Example of a Real Experiment • Hypothesis • Independent variable • Dependent variable • Experimental group • Control group Menu

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