Directional and Anatomical Location Terminology

1. Directional and Anatomical Location Terminology

2. Anatomical Position • Anatomical position • Standard reference point • Body standing erect (upright) • Facing forward • Arms at side • Palms and toes directed forward

3. Reference Positions Fundamental position Similar to anatomical position Arms more relaxed Palms face inward Relative angle Included angle between two segments

4. Cardinal Planes Sagittal Left and right halves Mediolateral axis Midsagittal plane Frontal (coronal) Front and back halves Anteroposterior axis Transverse (horizontal) Upper and lower halves Longitudinal axis Many other planes exist

5. Cranial • Caudal • Superior • Inferior

6. Anterior: • Posterior:

7. Ventral: • Dorsal:

8. Superficial • Deep

9. Medial: • Lateral:

10. Distal: • Proximal:

11. Ipsilateral – on the same side • Contralateral – on opposite sides

12. Flexion & Extension Flexion Decreasing joint angle Extension Increasing joint angle Hyperflexion Flexion beyond normal range Hyperextension Extension beyond normal range

13. Abduction & Adduction Abduction Moving away from midline Adduction Moving toward midline Hyperabduction Abduction past 180° point Hyperadduction Adduction past 0° point

14. Movement Descriptors • Circumduction: • Movement in a conic fashion • Combination of flex, ext, abd, add, IR, ER

15. Movement Descriptors • Inversion • Lift medial edge of foot • Eversion • Lift lateral edge of foot

16. Movement Descriptors • Plantarflexion • Increase angle between foot and shank • Dorsiflexion • Decrease angle between foot and shank

17. Movement of the Scapulae • Elevation – raising the scapula (shrug) • Depression – lowering the scapula

18. Movement of the Scapulae • Protraction – move scapulae apart • Retraction – move scapulae together

19. Movement of the Scapulae • Upward rotation – bottom of scapula moves away from trunk • Downward rotation – return to normal

20. Other Movement Descriptors • Horizontal adduction • Combination of flexion and adduction • Horizontal abduction • Combination of extension and abduction

21. Other Movement Descriptors Rotation Medial (internal) or lateral (external) Right/left for head and trunk Shoulder or hip

22. Other Movement Descriptors • Medial/Internal Rotation: rotation of the bone inward around the long axis of the bone

23. Other Movement Descriptors • Lateral/External Rotation: rotation of the bone outward around the long axis of the bone

24. Specialized Movement Descriptors • Lateral Flexion: • Head or trunk only • Example: head tilts sideways

25. Specialized Movement Descriptors • Supination – turn palms frontward • Pronation – turn palms backward • Radial flexion – hand toward thumb • Ulnar flexion – hand toward little finger • Opposition – Thumb to little finger

26. Movement Descriptors of the Foot Plantarflexion Increase angle between foot and shank Dorsiflexion Decrease angle between foot and shank Inversion Lift medial edge of foot Eversion Lift lateral edge of foot

27. Pronation and Supination of the Foot Pronation and supination of the feet are not the same as inversion and eversion Pronation of the foot Dorsiflexion at the ankle Eversion in the tarsals Abduction of the forefoot Supination of the foot Plantarflexion at the ankle Inversion in the tarsals Adduction of the forefoot

28. Specialized Movement Descriptors • Anterior Tilt • Posterior Tilt • Lateral Tilt

29. Degrees of Freedom Degree of freedom Number of planes in which a joint has the ability to move 1 degree of freedom Uniaxial Example: Elbow 2 degrees of freedom Biaxial Example: Wrist 3 degrees of freedom Triaxial Example: Shoulder

30. Planes, Directions and Positions Planes of Movement Sagittal Frontal Transverse Directions and Positions Superior Inferior Posterior Anterior

31. Directions and Positions Directions and Positions Proximal Distal Medial Lateral Superficial Deep

32. Movements/Body - Spine and Thorax, Neck Movements of the Body Spine and Thorax (vertebral column) Neck (cervical spine)

33. Movements/Body - Ribs/Thorax Ribs/Thorax Customize text here…

34. Movements/Body - Scapula Scapula (scapulothoracic joint)

35. Movements/Body - Shoulder Shoulder (glenohumeral joint)

36. Movements/Body - Elbow and Forearm Elbow and Forearm (humeroulnar and humeroradial joints – elbow,proximal and distal radioulnar joints – forearm)

37. Movements/Body - Wrist Wrist (radiocarpal joint)

38. Movements/Body - Thumb and Fingers Thumb (first carpometacarpal andmetacarpophalangeal joints) Fingers (metacarpophalangeal, proximaland distal interphalangeal joints)

39. Movements/Body - Mandible and Pelvis Mandible (temporomandibular joint) Pelvis

40. Movements/Body - Hip Hip (coxal joint)

41. Movements/Body - Knee Knee (tibiofemoral joint)

42. Movements/Body - Ankle, Foot and Toes Ankle, Foot and Toes (talocrural, talotarsal, midtarsal, tarsometatarsal,metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints)

43. Types of Joints Types of Joints Ball-and-Socket Joint Ellipsoid Joint Saddle Joint Hinge Joint Gliding Joint Pivot Joint