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Cinematography

Cinematography. “Laughter is timeless. Imagination has no age. And dreams are forever.” ― Walt Disney. Cinematography. Cinematography: "writing in movement” Roles of Cinematographer:

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Cinematography

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  1. Cinematography “Laughter is timeless. Imagination has no age. And dreams are forever.” ― Walt Disney

  2. Cinematography • Cinematography:"writing in movement” • Roles of Cinematographer: • Commonly, Cinematography = Everything that has to do with cameras and lenses, with film/film stock (and its digital equivalents), exposure and processing of film/digital images. • Cinematography is “how it is filmed” vs. “what is filmed”. E.G… • Composition • Photographic elements • Lighting • Special effects, etc. • Everything we will do will be digital (for ease).

  3. Elements of Cinematography • (1) Scenes and Composition • Rhythm, Axis rules • (2) Movement, Framing, Lighting, Sound • Angle, Pan, Zoom, Outdoors, Indoors (lens), Microphone • (3) Photographic elements • Camera, Lens, Exposure, Shutter • (4) Role of Cinematographer

  4. Rythm • Rythm in film editing is time, energy and movement. • Timing and pacing between shots and scenes. • Shots shouldn't be too long and each scene should feel fluid into the next one.

  5. 180 Degree Rule

  6. Mobile Framing:Camera Movements-PAN • pans = rotates horizontally, side to side (usually on a tripod) • tilts = vertical pivot/rotation, up and down • pans & tilts, camera doesn’t change position, it pivots or rotates. Usually tripod mounted. • dolly, crane/boom, hand-held and steadicam shots. • computer generated pan, zoom, etc.

  7. Dolly Shot, on Tracks

  8. Mobile Framing-ZOOM • Actual Movements of Camera • Zooms, where Camera doesn’t move, but the frame changes as the lens focal length is changed: Zoom In or Zoom Out. (Magnifies) • Laboratory and animated mobile framing. • Computer-generated shots: for ex: “fly-bys,” “rotations.” Computers, like traditional animation, can potentially generate any movement.

  9. Framing: Aspect Ratiosratio of width to height Rules of the Game, Jean Renoir, 1939 1.33:1 (4 to 3) actually 1.37:1 Aliens, James Cameron, 1986 1.85:1 Rebel Without A Cause, Nicholas Ray, 1955 2.35:1 (Cinemascope)

  10. Sydney Pollack on Widescreen vs. Pan and scan http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tEPAgNrvZaw

  11. Camera Angle/Height • Eye-level shot (from typical POV) • High angle shot (from overhead) • Low angle (from below) • Dutch angle (tilted) • Aerial view (from above – long shot)

  12. framingCamera Angleshigh angleTouch of Evil (Orson Welles, 1958)

  13. framingCamera Anglesstraight angle; straight onRebecca (Alfred Hitchcock, 1940)

  14. framingCamera Angleslow angleBride of Frankenstein (James Whale, 1935)

  15. Height of Framingnote low framing/position, but not low angle Tokyo Story (1953) Yasujiro Ozu

  16. extreme long shot (ELS)The Conversation

  17. long shot (LS) Bride of Frankenstein

  18. Medium long shot(knees or shins to head; a.k.a. American shot or knee shot) Ascher & Pincus call Medium Shot

  19. medium shot (MS)The Big Heat (Fritz Lang, 1953)

  20. medium close-up (MCU)Touch of EvilA & P call this a CU?

  21. close-up (CU)Touch of Evil(A & P: big close-up)

  22. extreme close-up (ECU)Dracula (Tod Browning, 1931)

  23. Lighting • How shots are lit affects how we perceive them • Lighting ratios: hard/high key, soft/low key • 3-point system: keylight, fill light, backlight • What’s NOT lit is an important aspect of lighting (just as offscreenspace is as important as onscreen space) • Blah blahblah – Just make sure there’s enough or not too much, especially if you are using manual settings like I do. Auto should take care of everything for you.

  24. Types of Lenses • Aperture: an iris that limits light • Focal length: wide, narrow angle, zoom. Different lenses are employed for different focal lengths (prime lenses, zoom lenses) • Depth of field: what planes are in focus (DSLR vs. Camcorder [not much choice])

  25. Film stocks / Digital Resolution • Gauges of film (8 mm – 70mm) – width • Speed of film (fast, slow) – “graininess” • Home uses: • 1960’s Super-8 (8mm film [no sound]) • 1980’s Videotape (VHS/Beta) – (352x240) but analog. • 1990’s DVD (720x480) [pixels] • Most older small digital camcorders • 2000’s (newer digiatl camcorders) • 720p (1280x720) - 24-60 Frames per second (fps) • 1080p (1920x1080) - 24-60 Frames per second (fps) • Equals (approx) the quality of 35mm film but still not as sharp (no dust) • Nothing comes close to 70mm IMAX • 2048 x 1080 – Developing now – 4k DLP chips • Future??? • Digital tape, Flash memory, etc.

  26. Show nVidia 1080p demo…

  27. Music / Sound • Music - very important - Walt Disney • Sound - a big room with lots of echo need close up microphone. • You may need a shotgun microphone or a wireless lapel • The mic on the camcorder might not be sufficient. • Show microphones. • Combined with effects like slow motion it can be very dramatic (show sample.wmv).

  28. Editing (another night) • Editing in Sony or other • Cropping, Slow motion, Music • Scene overlap or separation • putting music in • transitions (use rarely) • digital effects • lighting and contrast • color • black and white • old fashion • Bring your clips on CD/DVD next time

  29. Other angle – shot examples

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