Pollution

1. Pollution Types of pollution are- 1.Air Pollution. 2.Water Pollution. 3.Noise Pollution. 4.Land Pollution.

2. Causes of Air Pollution 1.Smoke from chimneys of factories. The Police - Synchronicity 2 - YouTube 2.Smoke from Vehicles. Discuss L.A, TORONTO, LONDON’S MOTHS , Beijing 3.Smoke from fires.

3. Prevention of air pollution 1.We should share vehicles for going to office. 2.We should get a regular pollution check of our vehicle. (RETIRE YOUR RIDE, CASH FOR CLUNKERS) 3.We should use a bicycle for going to near by places. 4.Chimneys of factories should be fitted with proper filters to prevent smokes from coming out and effect atmosphere.

4. Causes of water pollution 1.Factories throw their waste in water bodies. 2.People bathe and wash clothes in water bodies. 3.Some oil ships drown in water which hardly effects the aquatic life. 4.Smoke from vehicles let the river to dry.

5. Prevention of water pollution 1.Factories should not throw their waste in water bodies. 2.People should not bathe and wash clothes in rivers or lakes. 3.People should not take their animals to take baths in rivers or lakes.

6. Causes of noise pollution 1.Jet planes. 2.Loud speakers and other loud speaking things. 3.Cinema halls. 4.Factories 5.Road traffic

7. Prevention of noise pollution 1.We should not use loud speakers. 2.Factories should be made out of the city. 3.There should be not more noise making vehicles on the roads.

8. Causes of land pollution 1.People Cut forest for furniture. 2.Plastic is the main source of land pollution (and sea). 3.People throw house garbage on roads. 4.Some industries throw their waste on land.

9. Prevention of land pollution 1.People should not cut trees for making furniture. 2.People should not throw garbage on land. 3.Plastic bags should be avoided for prevention of land pollution. 4.Industries should not throw there waste on land.

10. Water Pollution

11. Types and Sources of Water Pollution • #1 problem - Eroded soils • Organic wastes, disease-causing agents • Chemicals, nutrients • Radioactive stuff, heat

12. NONPOINT SOURCES Rural homes Cropland Urban streets Animal feedlot POINT SOURCES Suburban development Factory Wastewater treatment plant Point and Nonpoint Sources

13. Major Problem: Drinking Water • 1/2 of world’s people drink polluted water • Safe Drinking Water Act • EPA: Maximum contaminant levels (municipal, but not rural and private)

14. Pollution of Surface Water: Streams • D.O., B.O.D., fecal coliform bacteria count

15. Pollution of Surface Water: Lakes • Cultural eutrophication • Slow turnover • Accumulation of nutrients, excessive plant growth, algae blooms

16. Case Study: The Great Lakes

17. Mississippi River Basin Ohio River Missouri River Mississippi River LOUISIANA Mississippi River Depleted Oxygen Dead Zone Gulf of Mexico

18. Thermal Pollution Suffocated fish Altered food web Low dissolved oxygen Decreased fish population

19. Groundwater Pollution: Sources • Cold temperatures • Low flow rates • Few bacteria Hazardous waste injection well Pesticides Coal strip mine runoff De-icing road salt Buried gasoline and solvent tank Cesspool septic tank Pumping well Gasoline station Waste lagoon Water pumping well Sewer Landfill Leakage from faulty casing Accidental spills Discharge Unconfined freshwater aquifer Confined aquifer Confined freshwater aquifer Groundwater flow

20. Groundwater Pollution Prevention • Monitoring aquifers - expensive • Leak detection systems • Strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal • Protecting recharge areas - aquifer classifications

21. Ocean Pollution: dumping and oil

22. Oil Spills • Sources: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and storage tanks • Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal insulation and buoyancy, smothering • Significant economic impacts • Short-term cleanup problems - beaches, wildlife • Long-term cleanup problem - persistence (decades)

23. Solutions: Preventing and Reducing Surface Water Pollution Nonpoint Sources Point Sources • Reduce runoff • Water Pollution Control Act (1972) • Buffer zone vegetation • Clean Water Act (1977) - set effluent standards - secondary treatment • Reduce soil erosion

24. Technological Approach: Sewage Treatment • Mechanical and biological treatment

25. Technological Approach: Septic Systems • Require suitable soils and maintenance

26. Technological Approach: Using Wetlands to Treat Sewage

27. Air Pollution • Harmful to life or materials • Materials - soiled, corrosion of metals • Plants - stunting, damage (crops, forests) • Animals - respiratory, nervous system damage • Humans - eye irritation, headache, dizziness, bronchitis, emphysema, cancer - young, old, heart and lung patients susceptible

28. Air Pollution • Primary pollutants • Secondary pollutants

29. Natural Sources - most primary pollutants • Decay processes, winds, volcanic eruptions, sea spray • Widely dispersed - do not reach harmful levels

30. Human Sources - more important • Concentrated where the people are Stationary fuel combustion 2) Industry 3) Transportation

31. Air pollution problems influenced by: • Topography (thermal inversions) • Climate (cool-moist, warm-dry)

32. Temperature Inversions • Especially in valleys • Los Angeles, Denver, Winona

33. Industrial Smog • Cool, moist • Primary pollutants • Worst in winter, at night • Chicago, London

34. NO from cars Photochemical Smog • Warm, dry • Secondary pollutants • Worst in summer, midday Los Angeles

35. Widespread Secondary Air Pollution: Acid Deposition • Wet deposition • Dry deposition

36. Acid Deposition in the U.S.

37. Acid Deposition and Aquatic Systems • Fish declines • Undesirable species • Aluminum toxicity • Acid shock

38. Acid Deposition, Plants, and Soil • Nutrient leaching • Heavy metal release • Weakens trees

39. Industrial Smog Control -sulfur dioxide and particulates • Burn less fossil fuels • Use alternative energy sources • Burn low-sulfur coal • Remove sulfur from coal (chemicals) • Stack scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators

40. Photochemical Smog Control - nitrous oxide emissions • Use mass transit • Develop new engines • Develop new fuels • Develop new emission controls

41. Solutions: Preventing and Reducing Air Pollution • Clean Air Acts (1970, 1977) Industrial emissions standards Automotive emissions standards Deadlines for meeting standards • Standards becoming stricter, requests to extend deadlines - better technology needed

42. Waste Management • Industrial and agricultural waste • Municipal solid waste • Hazardous wastes

43. Solid Waste in U.S.>300 lbs/person/day • Agriculture - 13% • Mining wastes - 75% • Industries - 9.5% (fly ash) • Municipal - 1.5% (4.6 lbs. per person, 70% paper, food, yard wastes) • Sewage sludge - 1%

44. U.S. Municipal Wastes • Multi-billion dollar industry • Resource Conservation and Recovery Act - 1976 - outlawed open dumping

45. Managing Today’s Wastes • Sanitary landfill - 54% • Recycling and composting - 30% • Incineration - 16% (dioxin)

46. Sanitary Landfill Synthetic liner 2) Earth cover 3) Leachate collection system 4) Methane venting

47. Changing Landfills • Filling up rapidly • Difficult finding new sites - restrictions - NIMBY - NOT IN MY BACK YARD!

48. Recycling • Easily isolated from other wastes • Large quantities (60-80% of wastes) • Valuable

49. Recycling Aluminum, Wastepaper, and Plastics • 40% of aluminum recycled in US • Recycled aluminum uses over 90% fewer resources • Paper: preconsumer vs. postconsumer recycling • 10% or less of plastic recycled in US • Plastics can be very difficult to recycle

50. Burning Wastes • Mass burn incineration • Air pollution • Waste to energy