1 / 69

Pollution

013. Pollution. Marine Pollutants. Petroleum hydrocarbons Plastics Pesticides Heavy metals Sewage Radioactive waste Thermal effluents. Pollutants Entering the Ocean. Litter 5%. Industrial wastewater 5%. Offshore oil 10%. Marine transportation 10%. Air pollutants 20%.

louisaj
Télécharger la présentation

Pollution

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. 013 Pollution

  2. Marine Pollutants • Petroleum hydrocarbons • Plastics • Pesticides • Heavy metals • Sewage • Radioactive waste • Thermal effluents

  3. Pollutants Entering the Ocean Litter 5% Industrial wastewater 5% Offshore oil 10% Marine transportation 10% Air pollutants 20% Farm runoff 20%

  4. Petroleum Hydrocarbons Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge 100,000 gallons jet fuel spilled 2003.

  5. Petroleum Hydrocarbons Casitas NOAA Marine debris vessel Annual collection of 100 metric tons of debris July 5, 2005 Debris cleanup ship grounded 7/5/2005 has aboard 30,000 gallons of diesel fuel, 3,000 gallons of gasoline and 200 gallons of lubricating oil

  6. Exxon Valdez (1989)- Prince William Sound, Alaska • 10 million gallons of oil spilled • 400 miles of shore line affected • $3 billion and 2 summers cleaning

  7. Spain November 19, 2002 • The Prestige: a 26-year-old Bahamas-flagged single hulled vessel • Sunk with 20 million gallons of viscous fuel oil • Hundreds of miles of rugged coastline have been fouled by the stricken Prestige's cargo, destroying wildlife and wrecking the area's renowned fisheries and shellfish industry. incident sinking Lifeboat w/ dead bird

  8. Persian Gulf War (1991) • 240 million gallons of oil spilled

  9. BP offshore drilling rig (Deepwater Horizon) April 20, 2010; 50 miles off Louisiana Spilling 5,000 barrels/day = 200,000 gal/day

  10. Containing oil spills: • Floating booms- contain oil and then pump into other ship • Burning oil off • Chemical dispersants • Bioremediation- bacteria

  11. Containing oil spills: • Hair Booms

  12. Relative amts of petroleum in the ocean: River runoff 31.1% Tanker operations 21.8% Coastal facilities 13.1% Atmospheric fallout 9.8% Natural seepage 9.8% Other transportation activities 9.8% Tanker accidents 3.3% Offshore petroleum production 1.3%

  13. Plastics • 100,000 marine mammals & 2 million sea birds die each year after ingesting or being trapped in plastic debris • WHOI 1987 survey off N.E. coast of U.S.: found 46,000 pieces of plastic floating on surface

  14. North Pacific Subtropical Gyre • “Great Pacific Garbage Patch” • Estimate: 46,000 pieces of floating garbage/mi2.

  15. North Pacific Subtropical Gyre 135° to 155°W and 35° to 42°N

  16. North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Great Pacific Garbage Patch- Good Morning America 2010 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLrVCI4N67M&feature=player_embedded http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/info/patch.html#6

  17. Marine pollution: nets and plastic debris Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument

  18. Marine pollution: nets and plastic debris Laysan Island hypersaline lake (120-140o/oo) Large bird rookery and guano mining In 1857, reported 800,000 birds.

  19. Marine pollution: nets and plastic debris Laysan albatross Laysan ducks Sooty tern Laysan finch

  20. Marine pollution: nets and plastic debris Laysan Island

  21. Marine pollution: nets and plastic debris Bits and pieces of plastic are collected at sea and deposited on the Laysan Lake shoreline

  22. Albatross Chick

  23. 2004-2007 Barber’s Point

  24. Nontoxic Chemical Spills • Sept. 10, 2013 • 233,000 gallons molasses spilled (1400 tons) • Matson Pier on the Sand Island side of Honolulu Harbor westward into Ke’ehi Lagoon • 30,000 fish dead

  25. Toxic Chemical Spills

  26. Pesticides & Herbicides • Designed to kill a variety of pests, such as mosquitoes, agricultural pests and weeds. • Toxin enters food chain and effects non targeted species • Pesticide toxicity often effects human health Bioaccumulation  biomagnification

  27. Biomagnification

  28. Pesticides, Herbicides & other organochlorines • PCBs • DDT Bioaccumulation biomagnification

  29. Silent Spring began public debate over chemicals DDT Powerful Insecticide Harmless to humans • Rachel Carson published Silent Spring in 1962. • Brought together studies to show DDT risks to people, wildlife, and ecosystems • In the 1960s, pesticides were mostly untested and were sprayed over public areas, assuming they would do no harm.

  30. Toxic chemicals Polychloronated biphenyls (PCBs) Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) in killer whales and humans.

  31. Toxic Metals Heavy metals resist biodegredation Natural occurrence- volcanoes • Mercury (Hg) • Copper (Cu) • Lead (Pb) • Cadmium (Cd)

  32. Mercury Minamata Disease (1953-1960)– Japan

  33. Copper • Tributyl tin (antifouling paint for boats) • Banned in U.S. 1980s • Acts as an immunosuppressor • Accumulations unusually high in small whales • May be associated with strandings

  34. Lead • Leaded gasoline invented 1920’s • Enters water from automobile exhaust, runoff and atmospheric fallout of industrial waste and landfills, mines, dumps • Leaded gas banned in US in 1980’s has reduced pollution in ocean Bioaccumulation  biomagnification

  35. Point Source Pollution Sewage • Causes disease outbreaks • Contributes to eutrophication

  36. Medical Waste Waimanalo Gulch Landfill overflowed into Ko’olina Jan 2011

  37. 6/13/2006 Raw sewage dump in Ala Wai. Beaches Close! 48 million gallons • Why? • 40 straight days of rain • 42-inch pressurized underground pipe broke during heavy rains

  38. Disease

  39. Sewage Discharge and Agricultural Runoff • nutrient enrichment of coastal waters • physiological consequences on corals • ecological consequences • phytoplankton bloom reduces light penetration • benthic seaweeds overgrow and smother corals

  40. Nutrients and Algae Growth

  41. Radioactive waste

  42. Atomic Testing

  43. Atomic Testing

  44. Atomic Testing Coral reef at Enewetak Atoll, former nuclear test site.

  45. SEVERE HIGH ELEVATED GUARDED LOW Nuclear Contamination

  46. Ocean Dumping USSR total > 10 million Curies Three Mile Island (‘79) = 17 Curies Chernobyl (‘86) = 100 million Curies Fukushima (‘11)= 60 million Curies Great Britain US Other Switzerland

  47. Soviet Union’s Atomic Dumping Ground Arctic Ocean Moscow Russia

  48. Fukushima Nuclear plant accident April 2011 Earthquake, Tsunami, Reactor Melts

More Related