Sloan Digital Sky Survey

1. Sloan Digital Sky Survey Courtesy: Cosmus Scott Dodelson User's Meeting

2. Present and Future of Observational Cosmology Scott Dodelson User's Meeting

3. Beyond-the-Standard-Model Cosmology • Neutrino Mass • Dark Matter • Dark Energy • Inflation The foundation upon which these discoveries are based is often overlooked Scott Dodelson User's Meeting

4. Consider the United States in 1790 Over-densities of order 50 Concentrated in East Scott Dodelson User's Meeting

5. Consider the United States Today Over-densities of order 10,000 Concentration in coasts Traces of primordial density (Boston-Washington; East > West) Scott Dodelson User's Meeting

6. The story of this evolution is the story of the United States • When we understand the evolution from one map to another, we can understand • the sociological, economic, and political forces acting on the US • the people, or the constituents, of the US Scott Dodelson User's Meeting

7. Less parochially … Inhomogeneities of a few parts in a hundred thousand Inhomogeneities spanning >30 orders of magnitude • When we understand cosmic evolution, we will understand • the fundamental forces in the universe • the constituents of the universe Scott Dodelson User's Meeting

8. We do understand (at least in broad strokes) cosmic evolution! The universe started smooth and evolved to be clumpy because of gravitational instability Scott Dodelson User's Meeting

9. Sloan Digital Sky Survey Collaboration: ~150 scientists from Am. Museum Nat. History Astrophysical Inst. Potsdam U. Basel Cambridge U. Case Western Reserve U. Chicago Drexel U. Fermilab Institute for Adv. Studies Japanese Participation Grp Johns Hopkins U. JINA Kavli Institute for Part. Astro. Korean Scientist Group LAMOST (China) Los Alamos Nat. Lab Max Planck Inst. Astron. Max Planck Inst. Astrophy. New Mexico State U. Ohio State U. U. Pittsburgh U. Portsmouth Princeton U. US Naval Obs. U. Washington 2.5m telescope 5 filters Spectroscopy Scott Dodelson User's Meeting

10. Many Recent Discoveries Hundreds of Type Ia Supernovae 8 O’clock Arc and other gravitational lenses Milky Way Structure Scott Dodelson User's Meeting

11. Large Scale Structure with SDSS Luminous Red Galaxies (LRG) SDSS: Tegmark et al. 2007 “Main Sample” Scott Dodelson User's Meeting

12. Decompose into eigenmodes Reduces ~ 1 millions data points to several thousand coefficients Small scale structure (irrelevant for cosmology) hidden in higher modes Scott Dodelson User's Meeting

13. Variance of the coefficients encodes cosmological information Poisson noise Cosmic structure Yellow band is due to structure: size of yellow band is related to power spectrum Scott Dodelson User's Meeting

14. Power Spectrum of Galaxies Position of this plateau pins down epoch of matter domination  amount of matter in the universe Small scales (high k) entered the horizon when the universe was radiation dominated (growth suppressed) Scott Dodelson User's Meeting

15. Evidence for non-baryonic dark matter Turnover scale measures Ωm Structure of peaks and troughs Scott Dodelson User's Meeting

16. Cosmic Evolution  Dark Energy • Angular size of peaks in CMB  Flat • Peak in galaxy power spectrum  Dark Energy • Independent of SN Scott Dodelson User's Meeting

17. SDSS PhD Theses 2006 : 12/15 remain in astrophysics • Morad Masjedi, New York University Massive Galaxy Merging and CosmogonyNYU • Nikhil Padmanabhan, Princeton University Clustering properties of luminous red galaxies with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey imaging dataHubble Fellow, LBL • Gauri Kulkarni, Carnegie Mellon UniversityThe three-point correlation function of Luminous Red Galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky SurveySoftware Industry • Cheng Li, University of Science and Technology of China The formation of large scale structures and galaxiesShanghai Astronomical Observatory • Alexey Makarov, Princeton UniversityCosmological constraints from Lya-alpha forest clustering in the Sloan Digital Sky SurveyGoldman Sachs • James Pizagno, Ohio State University The Tully-Fisher Relation, Its Residuals, and a Comparison toTheoretical Predictions for a Broadly Selected Sample of Galaxies Stony Brook • Ramin Skibba, University of Pittsburgh Marked statistics and the environmental dependence of galaxy formationMPI • Masayuki Tanaka, University of Tokyo The Build-Up of the Colour-Magnitude Relation • Ummi Abbas, University of Pittsburgh The environmental dependence of dark matter and galaxy clusteringLaboratoire D’Astrophysique de Marseille • Marcel Agueros, University of Washington Candidate Isolated Neutron Stars and Other Stellar X-ray Sources from the ROSAT All-Sky and Sloan Digital Sky SurveysColumbia • Kevin Covey, University of Washington Dynamical Properties of Embedded Protostars and the Luminosity Function of the Galactic DiskHarvard • Anna Gallazzi, MPA and University of Munich Modelling and Interpretation of Galaxy Spectra: the Stellar Populations of Nearby Galaxies.MPIA • Stefan Kautsch, University of Basel The Nature of Flat GalaxiesUniversity of Florida • Ben Koester, University of Michigan MaxBCG: Systematic Discovery, Characterization and Calibration of Galaxy Clusters from Large Optical SurveysUniversity of Chicago • Rachel Mandelbaum, Princeton University Weak gravitational lensing analysis of Sloan Digital Sky Survey dataInstitute for Advanced Study Scott Dodelson User's Meeting

18. SDSS Impact • The on-line database receives a million queries a month • 1785 papers included SDSS in their abstract. • Numerous articles in popular magazines • Raw Data for Google Sky, Galaxy Zoo • With WMAP 2003 Science breakthrough of the year • One appearance on David Letterman Scott Dodelson User's Meeting

19. SDSS Impact based on number of citations to published papers Scott Dodelson User's Meeting

20. SDSS Impact on FNAL • Largest Astrophysics Effort • Focus of much technical and scientific effort • Current vibrant program (e.g. success in competitive solicitations) built on SDSS What’s next? Scott Dodelson User's Meeting

21. SDSS covers only 10-4 of the available cosmic volume Scott Dodelson User's Meeting

22. Dark Energy Survey will probe much deeper than SDSS Bigger telescope, better CCD’s, photometric redshifts DES SDSS Scott Dodelson User's Meeting

23. Dark Energy Survey Blanco 4-meter at CTIO • Study Dark Energy using 4 complementary techniques: I. Cluster Counts II. Weak Lensing III. Baryon Acoustic Oscillations IV. Supernovae • Two multi-band surveys: 5000 deg2g, r, i, z 9 deg2 repeat (SNe) • Operate 2011-16 (525 nights) • Now has CD2, CD3a! Scott Dodelson User's Meeting

24. Dark Energy Survey DECam • Ohio State University • Argonne • University of Pennsylvania • Brazil Consortium • University of Michigan • UK DES Collaboration • Spain DES Collaboration • NCSA • NOAO • LBL • University of Chicago • University of Illinois • Fermilab Build new 3 square degree camera and Data Management system Scott Dodelson User's Meeting

25. Dark Energy Survey Goals • Dark Energy • Overlap with South Pole Telescope, Vista Hemisphere Survey • Map volume 10x larger than SDSS! Scott Dodelson User's Meeting

26. JDEM Mission: TBD 2009 • Spectra of thousands of Supernovae • Map the universe out to even higher redshift • Weak lensing from Space SNAP Scott Dodelson User's Meeting Kasliwal et al 2007

27. In principle could go further … One possibility: 21cm surveys Scott Dodelson User's Meeting

28. What could we learn? • Measure Neutrino Mass (current upper limits ~0.5 eV) • Running of Primordial Perturbation Spectrum (models of inflation) • Test Gravity (Φ related to δ via Poisson Equation) • … We don’t know what we are going to learn Scott Dodelson User's Meeting

29. Moral: Exploring Cosmic Structure Pays • SDSS has been a great success for FNAL and our collaborators • DES is the natural successor: at the very least it will pin down properties of dark energy at the few percent level and map out 10x as much volume • SNAP will go even further, producing distortion-free images of the high redshift universe Our User Community is young, but growing. Join us! Scott Dodelson User's Meeting