Unit I, Set I Origin

1. Unit I, Set I Origin

2. Unit I, Set I: Origin

3. Unit I, Set I: Origin • In this set you will learn the constructions used to talk about where people and things are from.

4. Unit I, Set I: Origin • In this set you will learn the constructions used to talk about where people and things are from. • Because this is the first unit, there is a lot of preliminary information to present, so this presentation is longer than most.

5. Unit I, Set I: Origin • In this set you will learn the constructions used to talk about where people and things are from. • Because this is the first unit, there is a lot of preliminary information to present, so this presentation is longer than most. • Here you will learn about:

6. Unit I, Set I: Origin • In this set you will learn the constructions used to talk about where people and things are from. • Because this is the first unit, there is a lot of preliminary information to present, so this presentation is longer than most. • Here you will learn about: • nouns and verbs in Aymara • the first three persons of the person system • sentence suffixes and simple sentence construction • asking questions and giving answers • talking about origin of people and things

7. A note on nouns and verbs

8. A note on nouns and verbs • In Spanish and English, you’re accustomed to thinking of nouns and verbs as just that – nouns and verbs, or in other terms, people or objects and actions.

9. A note on nouns and verbs • In Spanish and English, you’re accustomed to thinking of nouns and verbs as just that – nouns and verbs, or in other terms, people or objects and actions. • In Aymara that is also the case, as you will learn as we go along. And, just as in Spanish and English, the ways in which verbs and nouns behave and the kinds of suffixes they can take depends on what they are doing in the sentence.

10. A note on nouns and verbs • In Spanish and English nouns can be made plural: • one apple  two apples • una casa  dos casas

11. A note on nouns and verbs • In Spanish and English nouns can be made plural: • one apple  two apples • una casa  dos casas • In Aymara nouns can be possessed: • uta“house”  utaja “my house”

12. A note on nouns and verbs • In Spanish and English nouns can be made plural: • one apple  two apples • una casa  dos casas • In Aymara nouns can be possessed: • uta“house”  utaja “my house” • In Spanish and English, we use verbs to indicate who the agents or actors are: • I talk, she talks • hablo, habla

13. A note on nouns and verbs • In Spanish and English nouns can be made plural: • one apple  two apples • una casa  dos casas • In Aymara nouns can be possessed: • uta“house”  utaja “my house” • In Spanish and English, we use verbs to indicate who the agents or actors are: • I talk, she talks • hablo, habla • In Aymara, though, the verbs indicate not only who the agent or actor is, but also who the object or recipient is: • parlta “I talk to her” • parlitu “she talks to me”

14. A note on nouns and verbs • In all of these languages, sometimes we want to use nouns as verbs and verbs as nouns.

15. A note on nouns and verbs • In all of these languages, sometimes we want to use nouns as verbs and verbs as nouns. • In English nouns and verbs switch back and forth easily. We can do so by adding prefixes of suffixes. • For example, “to teach” is a verb, but if we add –er we get the noun “teacher.” • “Walk” is a verb, but we can add an article like “a” to get a noun, “a walk.”

16. A note on nouns and verbs • In all of these languages, sometimes we want to use nouns as verbs and verbs as nouns. • In English nouns and verbs switch back and forth easily. We can do so by adding prefixes of suffixes. • For example, “to teach” is a verb, but if we add –er we get the noun “teacher.” • “Walk” is a verb, but we can add an article like “a” to get a noun, “a walk.” • In Spanish we can add suffixes to turn a noun into a verb with the suffix –ear. • For example the noun gato (“cat”) becomes a verb gatear (“to crawl” i.e., like a cat). • Or we can use the suffix –dor to make a verb into a noun or even an adjective. The verb torear (“to bullfight”) can take the suffix to become a noun, toreador (“bullfighter”). Or the verb hablar (“to talk”) can become an adjective: hablador (“talkative”).

17. A note on nouns and verbs • Aymara also has ways to turn nouns into verbs and verbs into nouns.

18. A note on nouns and verbs • Aymara also has ways to turn nouns into verbs and verbs into nouns. • These two processes are called: • verbalization (a noun becomes –and acts like– a verb) • nominalization (a verb becomes –and acts like– a noun)

19. A note on nouns and verbs • Aymara also has ways to turn nouns into verbs and verbs into nouns. • These two processes are called: • verbalization (a noun becomes –and acts like– a verb) • nominalization (a verb becomes –and acts like– a noun) • Sometimes this happens more than once in a single word, like Akankiritwa, (“I am from here”): in this case, a noun becomes a verb that becomes a noun that becomes a verb again!

20. A note on nouns and verbs • Aymara also has ways to turn nouns into verbs and verbs into nouns. • These two processes are called: • verbalization (a noun becomes –and acts like– a verb) • nominalization (a verb becomes –and acts like– a noun) • Sometimes this happens more than once in a single word, like Akankiritwa, (“I am from here”): in this case, a noun becomes a verb that becomes a noun that becomes a verb again! • The forms that result from all of these changes are either nouns or nominal verbs.

21. A note on nouns and verbs • Aymara also has ways to turn nouns into verbs and verbs into nouns. • These two processes are called: • verbalization (a noun becomes –and acts like– a verb) • nominalization (a verb becomes –and acts like– a noun) • Sometimes this happens more than once in a single word, like Akankiritwa, (“I am from here”): in this case, a noun becomes a verb that becomes a noun that becomes a verb again! • The forms that result from all of these changes are either nouns or nominal verbs. • They do not ever become “real” verbs, or what we’ll call full verbs. Nor do they ever take the whole complement of verbal suffixes. They remain either genuinely a part of the noun system or as part of an adjunct to the noun system, which is therefore why we call them nominal verbs. Additionally they never mark more than four persons.

22. A note on nouns and verbs • We will explain these changes in more detail in future units. For now though, you need to know what we mean when we refer to “nominalization” and “verbalization”.

23. A note on nouns and verbs • We will explain these changes in more detail in future units. For now though, you need to know what we mean when we refer to “nominalization” and “verbalization”. • Additionally, it will help you to be able to recognize a few of the primary means of verbalization and nominalization in Aymara.

24. A note on nouns and verbs • We will explain these changes in more detail in future units. For now though, you need to know what we mean when we refer to “nominalization” and “verbalization”. • Additionally, it will help you to be able to recognize a few of the primary means of verbalization and nominalization in Aymara. • Verbalizing suffixes • –ka (locative, indicating location) • long vowel (identity)

25. A note on nouns and verbs • We will explain these changes in more detail in future units. For now though, you need to know what we mean when we refer to “nominalization” and “verbalization”. • Additionally, it will help you to be able to recognize a few of the primary means of verbalization and nominalization in Aymara. • Verbalizing suffixes • –ka (locative, indicating location) • long vowel (identity) • Nominalizing suffix • –iri(someone who does something)

26. Persons in Aymara

27. Persons in Aymara • Aymara uses different person pronouns and verbal conjugations, depending on who is being talked about.

28. Persons in Aymara • Aymara uses different person pronouns and verbal conjugations, depending on who is being talked about. • While English and Spanish use a three-person system and mark for singular and plural numbers (I ~ we, you ~ you all, she/he ~ they), Aymara uses a four-person system that does not mark for number.

29. Persons in Aymara • Aymara uses different person pronouns and verbal conjugations, depending on who is being talked about. • While English and Spanish use a three-person system and mark for singular and plural numbers (I ~ we, you ~ you all, she/he ~ they), Aymara uses a four-person system that does not mark for number. • Marking number in Aymara is optional • If number is not marked it is usually because it is not important.

30. Persons in Aymara • Aymara uses different person pronouns and verbal conjugations, depending on who is being talked about. • While English and Spanish use a three-person system and mark for singular and plural numbers (I ~ we, you ~ you all, she/he ~ they), Aymara uses a four-person system that does not mark for number. • Marking number in Aymara is optional • If number is not marked it is usually because it is not important. • In this unit you are introduced to 1st, 2nd and 3rd persons. • 1 = naya= first person, “I or we, but not you” • 2 = juma = second person, “you” • 3 = jupa= third person, “she, they, he; neither you nor I, but human” • The 4th person (jiwasa) is presented in Unit III, and represents “we, both you and I”. See Gramática, VIII 1.21; VII 3.11.1 for more information.

31. Sentence suffixes

32. Sentence suffixes • One of the interesting things about the Aymara language is that there are sentence suffixes.

33. Sentence suffixes • One of the interesting things about the Aymara language is that there are sentence suffixes. • In English and in Spanish we most frequently indicate what kind of sentence we’re producing by the melody of our voice, or by the punctuation we use in writing.

34. Sentence suffixes • One of the interesting things about the Aymara language is that there are sentence suffixes. • In English and in Spanish we most frequently indicate what kind of sentence we’re producing by the melody of our voice, or by the punctuation we use in writing. • For example, the simple series of words: I went downtown yesterday • Can be a declarative sentence, a statement of fact, by lowering your voice at the end, as in “I went downtown yesterday.” • Can be a question by raising your voice at the end, as in “I went downtown yesterday?” • Or can be a non-sentence, (a clause as part of a larger sentence), by keeping your voice level at the end in anticipation of further information, as in “I went downtown yesterday… and bought a shirt.”

35. Sentence suffixes

36. Sentence suffixes • Aymara does not indicate sentence type with intonation as English and Spanish do.

37. Sentence suffixes • Aymara does not indicate sentence type with intonation as English and Spanish do. • Instead, Aymara uses a series of suffixes that tell you what kind of a sentence you are listening to.

38. Sentence suffixes • Aymara does not indicate sentence type with intonation as English and Spanish do. • Instead, Aymara uses a series of suffixes that tell you what kind of a sentence you are listening to. • Although intonational and melody changes exist in Aymara, they do not mark the grammar.

39. Sentence suffixes • Aymara does not indicate sentence type with intonation as English and Spanish do. • Instead, Aymara uses a series of suffixes that tell you what kind of a sentence you are listening to. • Although intonational and melody changes exist in Aymara, they do not mark the grammar. • If you do not use the sentence suffixes in Aymara to mark your grammar, your Aymara is not grammatical or could be perceived as rude.

40. Sentence suffixes • Aymara does not indicate sentence type with intonation as English and Spanish do. • Instead, Aymara uses a series of suffixes that tell you what kind of a sentence you are listening to. • Although intonational and melody changes exist in Aymara, they do not mark the grammar. • If you do not use the sentence suffixes in Aymara to mark your grammar, your Aymara is not grammatical or could be perceived as rude. • The one type of sentence that does not require sentence suffixes is the rude command. In other words, using no sentence suffix means issuing a rude command.

41. Sentence suffixes • Aymara does not indicate sentence type with intonation as English and Spanish do. • Instead, Aymara uses a series of suffixes that tell you what kind of a sentence you are listening to. • Although intonational and melody changes exist in Aymara, they do not mark the grammar. • If you do not use the sentence suffixes in Aymara to mark your grammar, your Aymara is not grammatical or could be perceived as rude. • The one type of sentence that does not require sentence suffixes is the rude command. In other words, using no sentence suffix means issuing a rude command. • Remember, then, the importance of learning and knowing these sentence suffixes for your interactions with Aymara people. • One type of question requires a particular intonation pattern as well as sentence suffixes. This is the alternative question, which you will learn in Unit II. You do not need to worry about this structure just yet.

42. Sentence suffix types

43. Sentence suffix types • There are five basic sentence suffixes in Aymara.

44. Sentence suffix types • There are five basic sentence suffixes in Aymara. • Four of these specifically define the most common types of sentences and are presented in this unit. • Each of these four will be described in more detail in the following slides. • -sa: information interrogative • -ti: yes/no interrogative • -wa: personal knowledge suffix • -ti: negative suffix

45. Sentence suffix types • There are five basic sentence suffixes in Aymara. • Four of these specifically define the most common types of sentences and are presented in this unit. • Each of these four will be described in more detail in the following slides. • -sa: information interrogative • -ti: yes/no interrogative • -wa: personal knowledge suffix • -ti: negative suffix • The fifth sentence suffix that you will learn is –xa, which is a suffix of many functions. For now, it will be the other half of any sentence with any of the four suffixes above, indicating the topic of the sentence.

46. Sentence suffix types • There are five basic sentence suffixes in Aymara. • Four of these specifically define the most common types of sentences and are presented in this unit. • Each of these four will be described in more detail in the following slides. • -sa: information interrogative • -ti: yes/no interrogative • -wa: personal knowledge suffix • -ti: negative suffix • The fifth sentence suffix that you will learn is –xa, which is a suffix of many functions. For now, it will be the other half of any sentence with any of the four suffixes above, indicating the topic of the sentence. • You should try very hard to internalize these suffixes as much as possible, since they occur in almost every Aymara sentence and are the basic building blocks of the grammar.

47. Information Interrogative –sa

48. Information Interrogative –sa • This suffix is used when asking an information question.

49. Information Interrogative –sa • This suffix is used when asking an information question. • These questions are those that ask who, what, when, where, why, how, etc.

50. Information Interrogative –sa • This suffix is used when asking an information question. • These questions are those that ask who, what, when, where, why, how, etc. • Note though that the interrogative pronouns in Aymara to which –sa attach are not exact translations of the pronouns that we use for informational questions in English or Spanish.