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Connecting LANs, Backbone Networks, and Virtual LANs

Connecting LANs, Backbone Networks, and Virtual LANs. Semester: 131 Course: CSET 221 Computer Networking Instructor: Farhan Khan Computer Science & Engineering Technology Unit Hafr Al-Batin Community College. Outline. C onnecting devices Backbone networks Virtual LANs. Connecting Devices.

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Connecting LANs, Backbone Networks, and Virtual LANs

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  1. Connecting LANs, Backbone Networks, and Virtual LANs Semester: 131 Course: CSET 221 Computer Networking Instructor: Farhan Khan Computer Science & Engineering Technology Unit Hafr Al-Batin Community College

  2. Outline • Connecting devices • Backbone networks • Virtual LANs

  3. Connecting Devices

  4. Layer-1 Connecting Devices

  5. Repeaters • Connected segments become single collision domain

  6. Note A repeater connects segments of a LAN.

  7. Note A repeater forwards every frame; it has no filtering capability.

  8. Note A repeater is a regenerator, not an amplifier.

  9. Repeater Function

  10. Hubs • Similar to multiport repeaters • All segments belong to the same collision domain

  11. Layer-2 Connecting Devices

  12. Bridges • Bridges process information up to the frame-level (Layer 2) • Connecting LANs while separating collision domains • Connected segments form a single network (same broadcast domain)

  13. Main Functions of Bridges • Three main functions: • Forwarding / Filtering • Address Learning • Loop Avoidance

  14. Forwarding/Filtering • MAC addresses are used for forwarding / filtering • Bridging and switching devices determine if incoming frames are destined for a device on the segment where they were generated. • If so, the devices do not forward the frames to the other device ports. This is an example of filtering. • If the MAC destination address is on another segment, the devices send the frames to the appropriate segment. This is known as forwarding.

  15. Forwarding/Filtering • If a frame destined for station 712B 13456142 arrives at port 1, the bridge consults its table to find the departing port. According to its table, frames for 712B 13456142 leave through port 1; therefore, there is no need for forwarding, and the frame is dropped. • On the other hand, if a frame for 712B13456141 arrives at port 2, the departing port is port 1 and the frame is forwarded.

  16. Note A bridge has a table used in filtering decisions.

  17. Note A bridge does not change the physical (MAC) addresses in a frame.

  18. Address Learning • In order for the bridges to begin passing information to and from devices and segments, they must first familiarize themselves with the addresses associated with those devices and segments. • Initially, they must let all information pass through them, even if that information is not intended for a device on the opposite side of the bridges/switches. This is known as flooding. • Once the devices have allowed the information from the connecting segments to pass through, they can log the address information into tables called bridge table for further use in forwarding and filtering. • Note: Bridges and switches create bridge table based on source Hardware address.

  19. Address Learning A  D E  A B  C

  20. Loop Avoidance • Transparent bridges work fine as long as there are no redundant bridges in the system. • Systems administrators, however, like to have redundant bridges (more than one bridge between a pair of LANs) to make the system more reliable. • Redundancy can create loops in the system, which is very undesirable. • To solve the looping problem, bridges use the spanning tree algorithm to create a loopless topology.

  21. Loop Problem

  22. Graph Representation

  23. Creating Spanning Tree

  24. Blocking Ports

  25. Types of Bridging • Transparent Bridging • Source Route Bridging • Mixed-Media Bridging

  26. Transparent Bridging • Transparent bridging is a scheme found in Ethernet networks in which bridges pass frames along one hop at a time based on tables associating end nodes with bridge ports. • The operation and presence of these bridges is transparent to network end nodes. • Transparent bridges interconnect like-media LANs (for example, all Ethernet) to form the appearance of a single larger network. They also isolate intra-segment traffic, thereby reducing the traffic seen on each individual segment.

  27. Source Route Bridging • In Source-route bridging, the entire route to a destination is predetermined, prior to data transmission. • The source places the complete source-to-destination route in the frame header of all frames. • Source-route bridging (SRB) was developed by IBM for use in Token Ring networks.

  28. Source Routing Bridging Example • In the figure, the Path from A to D is L1, B1, L2, B2, L3. • If the source doesn't know the route, it sends a "discovery frame" that goes to every LAN in the network. • The destination replies and each bridge along the way put its ID in that reply. The source then knows all that it needs. This discovery produces lots of excess packets.

  29. Mixed Media Bridging • Mixed-media bridging involves moving frames from one LAN media to another, typically from • Ethernet to Token Ring (and vice versa), but might also be from Ethernet to FDDI, and Token Ring to FDDI. • The following figure shows a mixed-media bridge connecting Ethernet, Token Ring, and FDDI data links:

  30. Switches • Switches also referred to as multi-port bridges, automatically learn the MAC addresses of the devices connected to each port of the switch and builds switching table. • The switch then examines each packet it receives to find destination MAC address, looks up the destination address in its switching table and determines outgoing interface. • Like bridges, switches forward and flood traffic based on MAC addresses. However, because switching is performed in hardware instead of in software, it is significantly faster.

  31. Switches

  32. Switching Methods • The three types of switching methods used by switches to forward data traffic: • Store and Forward • Cut-Through • Fragment free

  33. Store and Forward Switching • With the store-and-forward switching method, the LAN switch copies the entire frame into its onboard buffers and computes the cyclic redundancy check (CRC). • The frame is discarded if it contains a CRC error, or if it is a runt (less than 64 bytes including the CRC), or a giant (more than 1518 bytes including the CRC). • If the frame does not contain any errors, the LAN switch looks up the destination address in its forwarding, or switching, table and determines the outgoing interface. • Itthen forwards the frame toward its destination.

  34. Cut-through Switching • With the cut-through switching method, the LAN switch copies only the destination address (the first 6 bytes following the preamble) into its onboard buffers. • It then looks up the destination address in its switching table, determines the outgoing interface and forwards the frame toward its destination. • A cut-through switch provides reduced latency because it begins to forward the frame as soon as it reads the destination address and determines the outgoing interface.

  35. Fragment-Free Switching • This method works just like cut-through, but the switch waits for 64 bytes to be received before forwarding the first bytes of outgoing frame. • According to Ethernet specifications, collisions should be detected during the first 64 bytes of the frame. Frame in error due to collision will not be forwarded.

  36. Layer-3 Connecting Devices

  37. Routers • Capable of connecting networks of different types • Routers separate networks into different broadcast domains

  38. Routing Tables • The routing information a router learns from its routing sources is placed in its routing table. • The router will rely on this table to find which port to use when forwarding addressed packets.

  39. Routing Tables • If the destination network is directly connected, the router already knows the port to use when forwarding packet

  40. Routing Tables • If destination networks are not directly attached, then the router must learn the best route to use when forwarding packets.

  41. Static and Dynamic Routing • The two methods for learning routes through the network are as follows: • Static routing - Routes learned by the router when an administrator manually establishes the route. The administrator must manually update this static route entry whenever a network topology change requires an update. • Dynamic Routing - Routes dynamically learned by the router after an administrator configures a routing protocol that helps determine routes. Unlike static routes, once the network administrator enables dynamic routing, route knowledge is automatically updated by a routing process whenever new topology information is received from the network.

  42. Backbone Networks

  43. Backbone Networks • A backbone network allows several LANs to be connected. • In a backbone network, no station is directly connected to the backbone; the stations are part of a LAN, and the backbone connects the LANs.

  44. Bus Backbone

  45. Note In a bus backbone, the topology of the backbone is a bus.

  46. Star Backbone

  47. Note In a star backbone, the topology of the backbone is a star; the backbone is just one switch.

  48. Connecting Remote LANs

  49. Note A point-to-point link acts as a LAN in a remote backbone connected by remote bridges.

  50. Virtual LANs

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