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Cell Division

Cell Division. Reproduction . How do organisms grow?. They increase both in size by increasing both the number and size of cells. Cell Cycle. The regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo. Each new cell from the division is a:. Daughter cell.

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Cell Division

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  1. Cell Division Reproduction

  2. How do organisms grow? • They increase both in size by increasing both the number and size of cells.

  3. Cell Cycle • The regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo.

  4. Each new cell from the division is a: • Daughter cell. • Interphase: the period between cell division.

  5. What happens during the first ½ of interphase? • The cell grows to it’s full size and produces structures it needs. (ribosomes, enzymes, mitochondria, etc)

  6. During interphase—2nd part • The DNA is copied in the nucleus. This is called “replication.”

  7. So Replication: • The cell makes an exact copy of the DNA in the nucleus.

  8. Next comes Mitosis: • The stage during which the cell’s nucleus divides into two new nuclei. • One copy of the DNA is distributed into each of the two daughter cells.

  9. There are four parts to mitosis: • 1. Prophase: during this phase, the threadlike chromatin in the nucleus condenses for form double-rod like structures called chromosomes.

  10. What is a chromosome? • What carries our genetic material to the cells and is our blueprint for who we are.

  11. Why do they look like they do? • They have two rods because the cell’s DNA has replicated, and each rod in a chromosomes an exact copy of the other. As this mitosis cycle continues—the rods will separate and go into different cells.

  12. After prophase comes metaphase: • During metaphase the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. Each chromosome attaches to a spindle fiber at its centromere.

  13. What is a centromere? • The constricted region joining the two sister chromatids that make up an X-shaped chromosome

  14. Next comes anaphase: • The centromeres split and the two chromatids separate. Each chromatid is pulled by the spindle fiber to each end of the cell.

  15. Last comes telophase • The chromosomes begin to stretch out and lose their rod-like appearance. A new nuclear envelope forms around each region of chromosomes

  16. Last is cytokinesis • The cell membrane pinches in around the middle of the cell The cell splits in two. Each daughter cell ends up with the identical set of chromosomes and about half the organelles.

  17. Replication process: • This is to be sure the DNA is exact in each daughter cell. DNA looks like a twisted ladder—it untwists— • Here are the parts: • Thymine • Guanine • Cytosine • Adenine

  18. Because of the way of the replication process: • Because of the way the nitrogen bases pair with one another, the order of the bases in each new DNA molecule is exactly the same as the order of the original DNA strand. • What would happen if this process did not go correctly?

  19. Mutations!!!!!! Mess-ups galore!!!

  20. OK—understand better now!!

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