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Detergents and their role in the emission performance of vehicles

Detergents and their role in the emission performance of vehicles. ACEA Dr. John Bennett Ford Motor Company. Overview. Use of fuel detergents benefits both consumers and the environment. The use of detergents is currently determined only for marketing purposes.

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Detergents and their role in the emission performance of vehicles

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  1. Detergents and their role in the emission performance of vehicles ACEA Dr. John Bennett Ford Motor Company

  2. Overview • Use of fuel detergents benefits both consumers and the environment. • The use of detergents is currently determined only for marketing purposes. • The European Automobile Constructors Association (ACEA) believes that the use of detergents in fuel should be made mandatory as part of the Fuels Review.

  3. Background • All oil and auto companies agree that maintaining engine cleanliness by using detergents in the fuel brings improved long term: • Emissions performance • Vehicle driveability • Engine durability • Fuel economy • This benefits both the consumer and the environment

  4. Legislation and Technology • Legislation sets stringent targets for vehicle emissions including long term in-service requirements (100,000km at Euro IV). • Modern engines achieve excellent emissions & customer satisfaction by use of precision components. Examples include: • diesel injector nozzle holes <0.100mm diam. • petrol injectors with 12 small holes (was single large one) • Tolerance of modern engines to deposits is therefore DECREASING • Use of detergents to maintain engine cleanliness is necessary to help meet long term emission requirements.

  5. Detergent use – EU current • Consumer demand in some EU states has already ensured that the majority of fuels there contain detergents, e.g. Germany, UK,... • Some ‘white pumpers’ (independent fuel marketers) do not use detergents. • White pumpers can be a significant market segment, e.g. supermarkets in France • Some member states (old, new and future) do not have consumer demand for detergents, so usage is low. • Economic considerations may even cause existing additive use to decline.

  6. Product Differentiation • Use / non-use of detergent used as ‘quality’ differentiator by fuel marketers. • Recently, differentiation between ‘standard’ and ‘premium’ fuels from same marketer, both with detergents, e.g. • BP Ultimate petrol and diesel • Shell Optimax petrol, Shell Diesel Extra • ….. etc. • Differentiation no longer just use versus non-use. • Risk of ‘normal’ product being downgraded?

  7. Impact of detergent use

  8. Gasoline Intake Valves CleanDirty

  9. Gasoline Direct Injection (GDi) Fuel Injector Nozzles Ordinary petrol BP Ultimate

  10. Diesel Fuel Injector Nozzle Clean Dirty

  11. Diesel Injector Spray Pattern Clean Dirty

  12. Emissions Effects - Petrol

  13. Emissions Effects - Diesel

  14. Cost of mandatory detergent use • Most majors already using detergents • No on-cost in those cases • Small on-cost if fuel supplier not already using.

  15. CEN Fuel Standards • EN228 (petrol) and EN590 (diesel) only recommend detergent use. • The necessity for detergents has been raised by ACEA members at CEN on several occasions (most recently June 2003), but has not been able to be adopted and progressed.

  16. ACEA Engine Cleanliness Requirements • The World Wide Fuels Charter (WWFC) details Auto industry fuel requirements and test methods, including fuel detergency / deposit formation tendency. • For example, in Europe, petrol engine intake valve deposit tendency is typically rated using CEC F-05-A-93. • WWFC limit for deposits in this test is 30 mg/valve www.acea.be

  17. ACEA Detergency Review • ACEA has commissioned an independent review of fuel detergent additives and their effects. • This review is to be finalised and published shortly.

  18. Mandatory detergent use – the US experience • In recognition of their benefits, the use of detergents is mandatory in several markets, most notably USA (EPA 1995). • US implementation resulted in widespread LAC (Lowest Additive Concentration) use, hence sometimes marginal / inadequate performance. • Lessons can be learned from the US to ensure that the EU implementation is more effective.

  19. Conclusions • Engine cleanliness through the use of detergents in fuel has become significant for ensuring long term legislative compliance and customer satisfaction. • Detergent use in fuel purely as a marketing tool is no longer acceptable. • To ensure detergents are used, EU automakers (ACEA) believe that mandatory requirements for detergents in both petrol and diesel are necessary.

  20. Recommendation Mandatory detergent requirements for both petrol and diesel should be introduced in the Fuels Directive

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