8 th Grade STAAR Review

1. 8th Grade STAAR Review Readiness Ed Willkie MS- Adapted and Expanded by Daryel Sellers from Lead4Ward, Inc.

2. Readiness Standards • The majority of the STAAR test will consist of Readiness Standards. 60-65% of the test will consist of these standards. These are essential big ideas you must know and remember to apply in other formats. • Critical vocabulary is bolded. Readiness

3. AtomsProtons, Neutrons, and Electrons • What do you need to know? Protons are located in the nucleus and are positively charged. Neutrons are found in the nucleus and have no charge. Electrons are found in the electron cloud outside of the nucleus and are negatively charged. Readiness

4. The Atom • What atom is this? • Can you identify the protons, neutrons, and electrons? Readiness

5. Atoms and Mass The mass of protons and neutrons are much larger when compared to the mass of the electrons. The total mass of the atom can be calculated by adding the protons and neutrons only. Because electrons are so small, their mass do not contribute significantly to the mass of the atom. Readiness Protons + Neutrons Electrons

6. Protons and Valence Electrons • The number of protons in an atom’s nucleus determines the identify of the atom. If an atom has 1 proton, then it is a hydrogen atom. • The number of valence electrons, the electrons found at the outer level of the electron cloud, determines how the atom will react chemically with other atoms. Readiness

7. Protons = IdentityValence electrons = reactivity Readiness 7 protons = Nitrogen 5 Valence electrons = 5A = Group 15

8. Periodic TableGroups and Periods • The periodic table is arranged left to right by the atomic number (number of protons in the atom of that element). • The periodic table also is arranged in groups (families) that run up and down in columns of the periodic table. All the elements are in the same group because they have the same number of valence electrons in each of their atoms, thus they react similarly to other atoms. • The table is also arranged in rows called periods. Readiness

9. Groups and Periods Readiness

10. Chemical Formulas • Chemical formulas, also called molecular formulas, are used to represent the chemical make-up of a particular molecule. Ex: H2O A subscript (2 as seen above) is used to show the number of Hydrogen atoms. So, in 1 molecule of water there are 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom. Readiness

11. Common Chemical Formulas • How many atoms are there of each element? NaHCO3 C6H12O6 (Glucose) CuSO4 (Copper sulfate) Readiness

12. Evidence of Chemical Reactions, New Substances • Evidence of a chemical reaction includes the production of a gas, bubbling, a change in temperature, the production of a precipitate, or a color change. • Color change can be misleading. If you mix purple Kool-aid powder with water and the water turns purple a chemical reaction DOES NOT take place. • If two clear liquids combine to form a pink substance (precipitate) then a chemical reaction does take place. Readiness

13. Evidence of a new substance • Precipitate • Gas produced (bubbles) Color change- copper turns green when it oxides Readiness

14. Evidence that a New Substance forms from a chemical reaction Readiness

15. Unbalanced Forces • A force is a push or pull. Force is measured in Newtons(N). • Balanced forces causes objects to stay still or travel at a constant speed. • Unbalanced forces cause objects to move or accelerate. Readiness 900 N 1300 N

16. Calculating Net Force • If the arrows go in opposite directions, then you subtract the two numbers to find out how much force the object moves. Ex: 1300 – 900 = 400 N • The arrow with the greatest force wins. • If the arrows go the same direction, then you add the numbers to calculate net force. Ex: 200 + 200 = 400 900 N 1300 N Readiness 200 N 200 N

17. Newton’s Laws of Motion • Law of Inertia = An object’s motion will not change unless it is acted on by an external force. • Law of Force and Acceleration = More force applied to something, the more it will accelerate. Less force = less acceleration. F = ma • Law of Action-Reaction = For every force, there is an opposite and equal force. Readiness

18. Inertia • An object’s motion will not change unless it is acted on by an external force. Readiness Seat belts keep us from flying through the windshield when the car suddenly stops. The body continues to travel forward a little bit after the car has abruptly stopped.

19. Force and Acceleration • More force applied to something, the more it will accelerate. Less force = less acceleration. F = ma Readiness

20. Calculating Force Problem Bobby applied a certain amount of force onto a gorilla who had a mass of 50 grams. The gorilla accelerated at a rate of 3 m/sec2 How much force did Bobby use? • Look up the formula on formula chart for Force. • F= ma or Force = mass x acceleration • Force = 50 x 3 Force = 150 N F m a Readiness

21. Action - Reaction • For every force, there is an opposite and equal force. Reaction Readiness Action

22. Day and Night • Earth rotates on its axis every 24 hours giving us day and night. • When the sun shines on half the earth, we have day. • The dark side of earth is in night. Readiness Night Day

23. Seasons • The earth revolves around the sun one time a year. • The reason we have seasons is because the earth is tilted on a 23.5 degree angle on its axis. • If the earth is tilted towards the sun, the sun shines more directly on the earth, thus we have summer. • If the earth is tilted away from the sun, the sun shine less directly on the earth, thus we have winter. • When the northern hemisphere experiences one season, the southern hemisphere experiences the opposite season. Readiness

24. Seasons in the Northern Hemisphere Readiness

25. Lunar Cycle • The moon revolves around the earth about once a month or 28 days. This creates what we know as the lunar cycle or moon phases. • New moon is always between the sun and the earth. • The moon travels in a counter-clockwise (opposite of a clock) motion around the earth. • About 7 days after a new moon phase, the moon will wax until it’s a 1st quarter. • 7 days later, the moon will have waxed into a full moon. • 7 days later, the moon will wane into a last quarter. • 7 days later, the moon will wane into a new moon again. Readiness

26. Lunar Cycle Readiness

27. Components of the UniverseStars, Galaxies, Nebulae, HR Diagram • Stars can be classified by brightness (size) and temperature (color) using the Hertszprung-Russell diagram (H-R Diagram). They can also be classified into class such as Main Sequence, Giants, Supergiants, or White Dwarfs. • Nebulae is dust and gas that might form into a star. • Galaxies are collection of stars. There are billions of galaxies in our universe. Readiness

28. HR Diagram- Star Classification Readiness Note: The hotter stars are on the left and the brighter stars are on the top.

29. Galaxies Our solar system is here. Readiness Our galaxy is a spiral galaxy and is named The Milky Way.

30. Nebulae • The birth place of all stars. Space dust and gas. Readiness

31. Plate Tectonics and Crustal Features • Plates are moving in the earth’s crust due to convection in the mantle of Earth. • Plates can collide (converge) to form mountains like the Himilayas. • Plates can separate (diverge) under the ocean floor and cause ridges. • Plates can slide (transform) past one another and cause earthquakes. • Plates can collide and go underneath (subduct) another plate to cause volcanoes. Readiness

32. Convection and Plate Tectonics • Heat from the core of the earth generates to create convection in the mantle. Heat rises and sinks within the mantle to create plate movement on the surface of the earth resulting in different types of landforms like volcanoes, mid- ocean ridges, and mountains. Readiness

33. Convergent Boundaries Readiness

34. Divergent Boundaries Readiness

35. Plate Tectonics Map • Looking at the map can you predict the different landforms at each type of boundary? Readiness

36. Topographic Maps -Weathering Topographic maps show the changes of elevation and different land features on the earth’s surface. If contour lines are very close, then the land is steep. If contour lines are spread apart, then the land gradually slopes. At the end of a V-shaped river valley on a topographic map, exists a delta, where sediment is deposited. Readiness

37. Topographic Map • If you were to climb the hill, which way would you go? Why? How much elevation would you have climbed? Readiness

38. Relationships in Food Webs • Every organism needs energy to survive. Producers use the sun’s energy to make their own food. Organisms that cannot make their own food, eat other organisms and are called consumers. • Predators often attack smaller or less fierce animals known as prey. • Parasites, like ticks, benefit at the expense of the host, like a dog. • Three different types of ecosystems include marine = oceanic type organisms, terrestrial = ecosystems found on land such as desert, tundra, rainforest, grassland, and freshwater=a pond or marsh. Readiness

39. Marine Food Web Practice • Identify producer/consumer, parasite/host, predator/prey relationships. Readiness

40. Terrestrial Food Web Practice • Identify producer/consumer, parasite/host, predator/prey relationships. Readiness

41. Freshwater Ecosystem • Identify producer/consumer, parasite/host, predator/prey relationships. Readiness

42. Dependence and Competition for Abiotic and Biotic Factors • An ecosystem is made up of all organisms (biotic factors) and non living components (abiotic factors). • Abiotic factors include quantity of light, water, range of temperatures, and soil competition. • Many times organisms depend on and compete for these organisms. • A population is a group of organisms that live in a given area. Readiness Abiotic Factors

43. Environment and Adaptations • As environments change over time, a population may need to adapt to the changes to survive in the environment. These adaptations must take place over many generations as a preferable trait becomes naturally selected for survival. If the population does not adapt they will disappear from that environment. Readiness

44. Adaptations- Galapagos Ground Finch • How can there be so much diversity within the beaks of the ground finch? Readiness

45. Supporting Standards • The following standards will consist of 30-35 % of the test. This is more detailed knowledge that supports the readiness standards. Readiness

46. Balanced Chemical Equations • Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. You will always have the same mass before the reaction as you do after the reaction. This is the Law of Conservation of Mass. Readiness

47. Law of Conservation of Mass Readiness When the reaction takes place what will the mass on the scale read?

48. Counting Atoms • Record the number of atoms of each element represented in each of the following. Example: H2O = H = 2; O=1 C12H22O11 3CO2 2Na NaOH 2CaCO3 Readiness

49. Is the equation balanced? Reactants Products Readiness

50. Speed, Velocity, Acceleration • Speed is the total distance/total time . • Velocity is the speed of an object is specific direction. • Acceleration is changing directions, slowing down, or speeding up. Readiness