8 th Grade Review

1. 8th Grade Review

2. The Industrialization of AmericaFrom 1877 to 1918 • Industrialization touched almost every aspect of life in America. It meant new products and conveniences for consumers and new sources of wealth for business-owners. • What factors led to the emergence of the U.S. as an industrial giant? • How were workers affected by the rise of industry? • What factors led to increasing immigration of the United States? • How were Native American Indians affected by the movement west?

3. The Factors of Production • Natural Resources: are the minerals, plants, and animals found in nature-including air, water, and soil. These allow us to grow crops or provide the needed to make goods. • Human Resources: are the human labor and management skills that go into making goods and providing services. • Capital Resources: are the results of reshaping natural and human resources into tools that aid in the making of future goods and services. Factories, canals, ships and railroads are examples of capital resources. Money is also a capital resource.

4. Rise of American Industry • The development of new machines led to the rise of factories and mass production. Often ill-treated by their employers, factory workers organized into unions. At first, public opinion opposed unions, but attitudes changed in the early 1900s.

5. How the Free Market Works • When demand is high and supply is low, the price goes up. • When demand is low and supply is high, the price goes down.

6. The Rise of American Industry • The Growth of Railroads: • 1869 -> transcontinental railroad • Connected the East and West coast. • Railroads made it possible to move food from farms and goods from factories to distant cities. • The coming of the railroad put an end to the traditional way of life of Native American Indian tribes. • New inventions and ways of producing goods: • Samuel F.B. Morse • Telegraph • Signaled the start of a revolution in communication. • Alexander Graham Bell • Telephone • Thomas A. Edison • Electric light-bulb

7. The Rise of Corporations • Pre-Civil War, most businesses were owned by individuals. • Post-Civil War, corporations became very popular form of business. • CORPORATION: • KEY ADVANTAGE: can raise extremely large sums of money by selling stocks to anyone who wishes to buy them. • Corporations used the money they raised to build large machines and factories. • This enabled them to produce goods more cheaply.

8. Great Business Leaders: Heroes and Villains? • Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919) • STEEL • Vertical Integration • John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937) • OIL • Standard Oil Company

9. The Rise of Big Business • Monopoly: a company that controls all the business in an industry. • The aim of a monopoly is to eliminate all competition and then raise its own prices.

10. The Response of Government to Monopolistic Practices • Most government leaders felt that allowing businesses to operate without interference would lead to the production of the best and cheapest goods. • BUT the abuses of “big business” finally forced the government to react. • Congress passed two laws to deal with the situation. 1. Interstate Commerce Act (1887)-> made certain practices of railroad companies illegal. 2. Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)-> done to stop unfair practices.

11. The Response of Labor • Workers began organizing into labor unions to have more power than they did as individuals. This was done to combat the ill-treatment they have to undergo daily at work. • If the employer refused to meet the union demands the workers would go on strike. • Knights of Labor • Formed in 1869 as one large union that included both skilled and unskilled workers. • Knights demanded an 8-hour day, higher wages, and safety codes. • American Federation of Labor • Founded in 1881 by Samuel Gompers • The AFL was a union of skilled labors ONLY!!!!

12. Immigration and Urbanization • People flooded into cities in search of jobs and prosperity. Immigrants were attracted by dreams of a better life. Cities grew so rapidly they could not deal with their problems.

13. Urbanization • In 1865, most Americans lived in the (rural area) or countryside. • By 1920, half of all Americans lived in urban areas (cities). • Chicago • New York • Reasons for Urbanization • Jobs-> many new factories and workshops attracted people. • Cultural aspect-> theatres, museums, and libraries. • Search for a better life.

14. The Problems Created by Growing Cities • Inadequate Public Services • Cities lacked the ability to deliver increased public services. • Hospitals, police forces, schools, fire departments, street cleaning, garbage collection. • Transportation • Horse-drawn coaches and later electric trolleys were needed to transport workers to and from their jobs. • Overcrowding • Families were crowded into tenements (small apartment buildings). • These tenements often lacked daylight, fresh air, and adequate plumbing. • Corruption • Many cities were run by corrupt political bosses (Boss Tweed)

15. Shifting Patterns of Immigration • “Old Immigrants” • Immigrants from Northern Europe. • “New Immigrants” • Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe. • They were Catholic and Jewish, rather than Protestant. • These newcomers often were extremely poor, spoke little or no English, and dressed differently from other Americans. • They settled in ghettos • Ethnic neighborhoods (tenements) • “Chinatown” or “Little Italy”.

16. Attempts to Limit Immigration • Some Americans, referred to as “nativist’s”, spoke against further immigration. • The believed the “new immigrants” would never adjust to American society. • They also feared that immigrants would take jobs away from Americans, since they were willing to work for less wages. • In the 1920s, Congress passed laws limiting European immigration. • Immigration Acts of the 1920s-> Congress established a “quota” • It restricted immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe.

17. Settlement of the Frontier • Wilderness areas began to disappear as settlers and farmers moved West. Native American Indians were forced off their traditional lands and moved onto government reservations.

18. The Shifting Frontier • The last frontier consisted of the Great Plains and the Far West. • The Homestead Act (1862) • Encouraged the settlement of the West • Negative Impact • Within a short span of thirty years, from 1860 to 1890-herds of buffalo were destroyed. • Native American Indians were forced onto reservations.

19. From Progressivism to the New DealFrom 1898 to 1941 • Americans came to terms with some of the problems of industrial society-unemployment, unsafe working conditions, and political corruption. At the same time, the nation began playing a greater role in world affairs. • What changes were brought about by the Progressive Movement? • How did the Spanish-American War lead to foreign policy changes? • Why did the United States enter World War I? • What factors led to the Great Depression?

20. The Goals of U.S. Foreign Policy • National Security • One major goal is to protect our country form attack. Americans achieve this through military preparedness, responding to aggression, allying with friendly nations, and participating in international organizations. • Protection of U.S. Citizens. Investments, and Trade. • Our government acts to protect American citizens and investments overseas. • Promotion of Democracy • The United States actively seeks to spread its political system-democracy-to others. • Promotion of Human Rights and International Peace • The United States supports morality in both national and international affairs.

21. Progressive Movement • Progressive reformers sought to end political corruption and to remedy social problems caused by industrialization. Presidents Roosevelt and Wilson introduced many Progressive Reforms.

22. The Grangers and the Populist Party1867-1896 • In 1867, farmers organized the Grange Movement to deal with their problems. • Upset with the high rates the railroad companies were charging farmers to ship crops. • Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act to stop railroad abuses. • In 1892, farmers joined forces with a new political party (Populist Party). • The Populists represented farmers, laborers and factory workers against banking and railroad interests.

23. The Progressive Movement Emerges • The Progressive Movement developed between 1900 an the start of World War I. • AIM: • To correct the political and economic abuses resulted from America’s rapid industrialization.

24. Muckrakers and Social Reformers • Muckraker • “Digs up dirt” • Wrote about the corrupt practices of big business and government. • Upton Sinclair • The Jungle ->unsanitary practices of the meat packing industry. • Jane Addams • Established settlement houses that took care of the needs of immigrants and the poor (Hull House).

25. The Progressive Presidents • Theodore Roosevelt (T.R) 1901-1910 • T.R was known as the “trust buster” • Responsible for the break-up of Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company. • Passed the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act in 1906. • He promoted the conservation of wildlife areas on federal lands. • Woodrow Wilson 1913-1921 • Wilson used his power as President to control big business and to improve living conditions in America.

26. The Women’s Suffrage Movement • How women were treated in the 1800s • Legally • Women were denied full equality of citizenship. They lacked the right to vote, to serve on juries, and to hold public office. • Economically • Once a woman married, her husband usually took control of her income and property. Women were paid less than men for the same work. • Socially • Women were expected to care for their home and children. They received little schooling.

27. Women Rights Movement • Suffrage-> winning the right to vote. • Leaders for the women’s right movement • Lucretia Mott • Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Susan B. Anthony • Seneca Falls Convention (1848) • Passed a resolution that women were equal to men • 19th Amendment (1920) • Prohibited states from denying any citizen the right to vote on the basis of gender.

28. U.S. Foreign Policy 1898-1918 • The United States showed it was a world power by going to war with Spain in 1898. After the war, Americans acquired a colonial empire in the Caribbean, Asia, and the Pacific. In 1917, they entered World War I, helping to win that conflict. • During the late 1800s, the United States emerged as a major world power.

29. The Spanish-American Warreferred to as “A Splendid Little War” • Causes of the Spanish-American War • Yellow Journalism-> deliberately sensationalized news • American economic interests (investments) in Cuba. • Americans felt they had the moral obligation to help Cuban people in their struggle for independence. • The Sinking of the Maine (U.S Battleship) • The war • Lasted 4 months • More U.S soldiers died from diseases and spoiled food than actual combat causalities. • T.R. and the “Rough Riders” victory at San Juan Hill sealed the American victory over Spain. • Treaty of Paris-> peace agreement/settlement • U.S. acquires Cuba, Puerto Rice, Guam, and Philippines ($20 m.)

30. America Builds a Colonial Empire • Imperialism-> the control of one country by another. • Reasons for overseas Expansion • Economic Interests • U.S was now an industrial power. Colonies would provide raw materials for factories and markets to sell goods. • Belief in Moral Superiority • Many Americans believe that they were the superior race and had the moral obligation to extend their way of life to others. • Desire to be a Great Power • The U.S needed overseas colonies to provide naval bases. • Strategic places.

31. American Involvement in the Pacific • Japan • Isolated itself from the outside world for nearly 200 years. • Commodore Matthew Perry and his “floating volcanoes” {Great White Fleet} arrive at Japan and demand they open up to trade or consequences will follow. • Fearing Western military strength, Japan opens its doors. • Japan quickly learned to adopt Western ideas and technology. • China • “Sphere’s of Influence”: special trading privileges • Boxer Rebellion: Chinese revolt to rid their country of foreign rule • “Open Door Policy”: all nations have equal trading rights in China

32. American Involvement in the Caribbean • In 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt declared that the U.S would act as a policeman in the Western Hemisphere. • European Nations “KEEP OUT!!!!” • Roosevelt Corollary • “Big Stick Policy” • Panama Canal • It is considered the greatest engineering feat of the 20th century by the United States. • Cuts trip time in half. • Important not only for trade but military purposes as well.

33. World War I“The Great War” • The Outbreak of War In Europe 1914 • Causes for the war • Militarism • Alliance System (entangling) • Imperialism • Nationalism • *********************Spark********************************* the assassination of the Archduke Ferdinand and his wife by the “black hand”.

34. Reasons for the U.S. Involvement in WWI • Ties with Allies • Language, political systems, and trade. • German Actions • Americans were shocked with the German invasion of neutral Belgium. • Zimmerman Telegram -> encouraged Mexico to invade the U.S • German use of Submarine Warfare • Germany began to sink ships carrying goods to Britain. • These actions by the German Navy violated the “freedom of the seas” principle.

35. World War I1914-1918 • Trench Warfare • New weapons • Machine gun • Plane • Tank • Poison gas • Airship • The U.S enters the war in 1917 • Wilson declares the war is being fought to “save the world for democracy.” • U.S entrance into the war propels the Allies to victory over the Central Powers. • Allies benefited from U.S man-power and industrial strength.

36. The war is over • The Peace Settlement • Wilson’s 14 points • Called for • Freedom of the seas • Reduced armaments • An end to secret treaties between nations • Creation of the League of Nations (general security council for the world) • Its purpose is to settle disputes between nations • Prevent another war. • Versailles Treaty • Very different terms in comparison to Wilson’s 14 points. • Quite harsh on Germany • Germany had to pay reparations (war payments for damages) • Germany had to take blame for the war

37. America refuses to join the League of Nations • The U.S. Senate rejected the treaty, fearing that Americans would be drawn into another foreign war. • The U.S. returned to a policy of isolationism. • In the 1920s, Americans kept away from involvement in European affairs, raised tariff rates, and restricted immigration of the United States.

38. Prosperity and Depression • In the 1920s, new technologies contributed to prosperity. When the New York Stock Market crashed in October 1929, millions of people were thrown out of work. President Franklin D. Roosevelt introduced the “New Deal” to revive the economy.

39. The Roaring 20s1920-1929 • Factors Underlying the Prosperity of the 1920s • Rise in the Automobile • Enormous growth in the automobile ownership stimulated other industries. • Steel, glass, rubber • Development of other Industries • The use of electricity created new household products • Vacuum cleaners, toasters, refrigerators. • Government Policies • Republican Presidents (Harding, Coolidge and Hoover) • Followed policies favoring business. • Laissez-faire capitalism • Improved Production • Assembly line

40. The 20s • Red Scare • A fear of communism (which took over Russia in 1917) • Ku Klux Klan • Reemerged during the 1920s and expanded their hatred to not only African-Americans but also to Catholics, Jews, and Immigrants. • Harlem Renaissance • Harlem, New York: When African Americans expressed new pride in their culture. • Langston Hughes • Countee Cullen

41. The Causes of the Great Depression • Overproduction: • The 1920s saw rapid increases in the production of new goods like cars and radios. Manufacturers were making more goods than Americans could afford to buy. • Shaky Banking: • In the 1920s the government did not regulate banks. Bankers often invested depositors’ money in unsound investments. Consumers bought more than they could afford. Many people could not pay their debts. • Stock Market Speculation: • As stock prices rose in the 1920s, more and more people bought stocks, hoping to get rich quick. People bought stocks on credit, promising to pay the rest later. When the market crashed, many could not pay.

42. The Dust Bowl • In the Great Plains, farmers were affected by a series of droughts. • Crops dried up and the soil turned to dust. • Farmers were unable to pay their mortgages and had to leave their farms. • Many headed west to find work. • “Oakies”

43. Herbert Hoover • Hoover felt that the government should not directly interfere in the economy. • He believed American businesses will pull the U.S out of this economic slump. • Many pointed the finger of blame in Hoovers direction. • “Hoovervilles” and “Hoover blankets” • Hoovers final straw came when he ordered military force to disperse the Bonus Army from the steps of the Capitol building. • The people of America wanted change.

44. FDR and the New Deal • Relief: • Measures were short-term steps to tide people over until the economy recovered. • Reform: • Measures sought to correct defects to ensure that sure a severe depression would never strike again • Recovery: • Measures helped restore the economy by rebuilding people’s purchasing power.

45. The United States as a World LeaderFrom 1941 to present • American attempts to avoid a foreign war failed, when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. After World War II, the U.S. and Soviet Union emerged as superpowers. The 1950s and 1960s were a time of social reform. This reform period ended with the Vietnam War. In the 1970s, the nation sank into a recession. In the 1980s and 1990s, Americans recovered and took on a new world role. • What were the causes of World War II and the Cold War? • What key social developments occurred in the 1950s and 1960s? • How did the Vietnam War and the Watergate Scandal affect Americans?

46. World War II and the Cold War • During World War II, American helped defeat German and Japanese aggression. After the war, America and the Soviet Union became rivals in the “Cold War.”

47. World War II1941-1945 • Economic unrest led to the rise of dictators in Germany (Hitler) and Italy (Mussolini). • World War II begins when Germany and the U.S.S.R. invade Poland. • U.S is neutral at the start of the war. • Congress passed the Neutrality Acts prohibiting Americans from selling arms to warring nations. • U.S. enters the war when the Empire of Japan secretly bombs Pearl Harbor (U.S Naval Base in the Pacific). • U.S. Home Front plays a vital role in the Allied defeat of the Axis Powers.

48. The War Against Germany • Final Solution: • Hitler began exterminating Jews, gypsies, the disabled and the mentally ill in what has become known as the “Holocaust”. • 12 million people were killed in concentration camps. • Hitler commits suicide - Germany surrenders – V-E Day • Nuremburg Trials • The Allies put leading Nazis on trial in Nuremberg. • Most of these leaders were found guilty of atrocities and hanged.

49. The War Against Japan • Once Germany was defeated, Americans began preparations for an invasion of Japan. • To avoid casualties, President Truman decided to use a new weapon, the atomic bomb, against Japan. • The Manhattan Project • Truman selected Hiroshima and Nagasaki • Japan surrenders in August 1945.

50. The Rise of the Superpowers • The collapse of European power left the United States and Soviet Union as the world’s two superpowers. • The U.S had tremendous economic power and the atomic bomb. • The USSR had the world’s largest army, which occupied most of Eastern Europe.