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EEF011 Computer Architecture 計算機結構

EEF011 Computer Architecture 計算機結構. 吳俊興 高雄大學 資訊工程學系 ( 中央研究院 資訊科學研究所 ) September 22, 2004. Outline. Class syllabus and schedule Microprocessor history and applications Chapter 1. Fundamental of Computer Design. 課程資訊. 上課地點 : C01-408 上課時間 : 13:10 – 16:05, Wednesdays

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EEF011 Computer Architecture 計算機結構

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  1. EEF011 Computer Architecture計算機結構 吳俊興 高雄大學 資訊工程學系 (中央研究院 資訊科學研究所) September 22, 2004

  2. Outline • Class syllabus and schedule • Microprocessor history and applications • Chapter 1. Fundamental of Computer Design

  3. 課程資訊 上課地點: C01-408 上課時間: 13:10 – 16:05, Wednesdays E-mail: wuch@nuk.edu.tw Tel: (07) 591-9518 Office: 理工二館300-3室(暫)、307室(未來) Office hours: 14:00 – 16:00, Thursdays

  4. Computer Architecture • The term coined by IBM in the early 1960 (Amdahl, Blaauw, and Brooks, 1964) • Referred to the programmer-visible portion of the IBM 360 instruction set • The first computer to sell in large quantities with both byte addressing using 8-bit bytes and general-purpose registers • They believed that a family of computers of the same architecture should be able to run the same software • Definition of architecture: • The structure of a computer that a machine language programmer must understand to write a correct (timing independent) program for that machine

  5. Digital Computer

  6. What’s Computer Architecture? • Computer Architecture is the science and art of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance and cost goals • Computer architecture is not about using computers to design buildings http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~arch/www/ • Microprocessor, CPU

  7. What’s Computer Architecture? (Cont.) • Computer Architecture is the design of the computer at the hardware/software interface • Computer Architecture = Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization Computer Architecture Instruction Set Design Machine Organization Computer Interface Hardware Components Compiler/System View Logic Designer’s View

  8. Key considerations in “Computer Architecture” Application Software Operating System Compiler Firmware Instruction Set Architecture Instr. Set Proc. I/O system Datapath & Control Hardware Digital Design Circuit Design Layout • Coordination of many levels of abstraction • Under a rapidly changing set of forces • Continuous evolution: Design, Measurement, and Evaluation

  9. General Purpose vs. Special Purpose • Desktop computers: performance/cost • Personal computer, workstation • Embedded computers: energy/power • PlayStation-2 video game, digital camera, cell phone, MP3 player, etc. • Server computers: reliability, scalability and throughput (rather than latency) • typically include multiple processors and disks

  10. 教學目標 介紹現代微處理器的內部架構及設計考量，包括指令集、記憶體結構、輸出入中介等，讓學生能了解現代微處理器的構造原理、評估原則及與軟體程式的互相影響，以期能增進學生微算機系統設計及資訊系統效能提升的能力。

  11. 重要性 • 高考三級資訊工程科第二試應考專業科目 1.資料結構(含資料庫) 4.數位系統導論 2.系統程式(含作業系統) 5.計算機結構 3.離散數學 6.計算機網路 • 計算機組、半導體積體電路組必修科目 • 碩、博士入學或資格相關考試科目 • 產業需求：兩兆雙星

  12. Textbooks 教科書 J. L. Hennessy and D. A. Patterson, Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, 3rd Edition, 2003, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc. (新月代理) 參考書 D. A. Patterson and J. L. Hennessy, Computer Organization: The Hardware/Software Interface, 2nd Edition, 1998, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc.

  13. 課程內容與進度 Ch1. Fundamentals of Computer Design Ch2. Instruction Set Principles and Examples Ch3. Instruction-Level Parallelism andIts Dynamic Exploitation Ch4. Exploiting Instruction-Level Parallelismwith Software Approaches Ch5. Memory Hierarchy Design Ch6. Multiprocessors and Thread-Level Parallelism Ch7. Storage Systems Ch8. Interconnection Networks and Clusters Advanced Topics: 64-bit Processors, Vector Processors, Embedded Processors, etc.

  14. Schedule Proposal format: title, motivation, introduction, anticipated results, references Report format: review, comments Final report and presentation (10-15 mins)

  15. 參考題目 • 64-bit CPU • Embedded CPUs (Secure CPU; Network processors) • SoC • Bio-chip • Power-saving Issues • I/O Interface (USB/S-ATA/SCSI) • Hardware/software co-design

  16. 查詢工具 • IEEE Xplorehttp://www.ieee.org/ieeexplore • ACM Digital Libraryhttp://www.acm.org/dl/ • ISI Web of Sciencehttp://isiknowledge.com/ • Google (ext:pdf, site:edu)http://www.google.com/ • CiteSeer – Scientific Literature Digital Library http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/ • NCSTRL - Networked Computer Science Technical Reference Libraryhttp://www.ncstrl.org/ • DBLP - Computer Science Bibliographyhttp://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/ • WWW Computer Architecture Pagehttp://www.cs.wisc.edu/~arch/www/ • Tom's Hardware Guide - Processorshttp://www.tomshardware.com/cpu/

  17. 評分標準 (暫定) 研究所 • 習題作業及論文研讀報告 (20%) • 期中考 (20%) • 期末考 (25%) • 期末報告 (25%) • 學習態度與課堂表現 (10%) 大學部 • 習題作業及論文研讀報告 (30%) • 期中考 (30%) • 期末考 (30%) • 學習態度與課堂表現 (10%)

  18. Microprocessor History

  19. Definitions • A microprocessoris a silicon chip which forms the core of a microcomputer • the concept of what goes into a microprocessor has changed over the years (see history) • Microprocessors are used in two general systems • general purpose computing systems • embedded control applications • autos, ovens, phones, toys, . . . • these are called microcontrollers

  20. History • Microprocessors have a short but significant history • In 1969, a Japanese company (Busicom) approached Intel and asked them to build a set of custom chips for a hand-held calculator • Intel proposed a single programmable chip (4004) • It was released in 1971 as the world’s first microprocessor • It was a 4 bit machine constructed out of 2300 transistors on a 16-pin chip

  21. Growth • In 1974, Intel released the first 8-bit microprocessor the 8080 • it consisted of 6000 transistors and could address 64K of memory • Digital Research released the first general purpose operating system for a microprocessor, CP/M in 1975 • In 1978, Intel released the 8086, a 16-bit microprocessor constructed out of 29,000 transistors • At the same time, other companies such as Texas Instruments and Motorola released microprocessors

  22. The First (?) PC • Ed Roberts (at the “failing” calculator company MITS) designs Altair 8800 (1974) • based on 8080 microprocessor, • affordable price of $375 • no keyboard, no screen, no storage, • 4k memory, programmable by means of a switch panel • Bill Gates and Paul Allen founded Microsoft(1975) • BASIC 2.0 on the Altair 8800 • first high-level language available on a home computer

  23. Intel 4004 • First Microprocessor • 1971 • 2300 transistors • 4 bit bus • 640 bytes of addressable memory • 750 KHz

  24. Intel 8086 • First IBM PC Chip • 1978 • 29,000 transistors • 16 bit bus • 1 MB addressable memory • 10 MHz

  25. Intel Pentium III • Pentium III Processor • 600 MHz, 9.5 M transistors • 0.25u 5M process, 2.0V, 34.5W • Dynamic Execution Superscalar pipeline • 16/16 KB onchip I/D cache + 512KB offchip 2nd -level cache • Up to 4GB of addressable memory space

  26. Chip Performance

  27. Perspective • Putting performance growth in perspective: IBM POWER2 Cray YMP Workstation Supercomputer Year 1993 1988 MIPS 200 MIPS 50 MIPS Cost $120,000 $1,000,000 Clock 71.5 MHz 167 MHz Cache 256 KB 0.25 KB Memory 512 MB 256 MB 1988 supercomputer in 1993 server!

  28. Capacity Growth • Good news -- exponential growth in hardware capacity • Logic growth: 60% to 80% per year • DRAM growth: 60% per year (in 400% increments/3 years) • Disk growth: 50% per year (was 25%/year until 1990) • Bad news -- exponential growth in hardware usage • Program size: 50% to 100% per year • Increase software productivity -- standard components/interface layers • Feature list increases -- “bloatware” • Memory used to enhance user interface – GUI • Results • Storage may be approaching “free” on a per-bit basis, but somehow it always seems to be full

  29. Moore's Law • Gordon Moore once observed that the speed and power of microprocessors seems to double every 12 to 18 months. This trend has held true for the past 20 years and is showing no sign of slowing down. • What does this mean for the future of computing? What other technologies can you think of which get faster and more powerful every year, and yet also get cheaper and more affordable!

  30. Embedded Control 98% 2% Other CPUs PCs 98% 2% Microprocessor Applications • Most microprocessors are sold for embedded control applications All Microprocessors CPUs

  31. Embedded System Growth • Embedded is the largest and fastest-growing part of the worldwide microprocessor industry • Embedded is approximately 100 % of worldwide unit volume in microprocessors • Average of 30-40 processors per home • (only 5 are within the home PC) • “Turley’s Law”: • The amount of processing power on your person will double every 12 months

  32. Finally • How to succeed in life . . . Take a microprocessor/microcontroller chip Add supportchips Build an embedded system Program way-coolfunctions into it Sell it for Gigabucks

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