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Japan in Context

Japan in Context. (2) Politics and Governance. Kayo Murakami RISE, Waseda University kayo@suou.waseda.jp. Decentralization & Devolution. Objectives: Establishing equal and cooperative relationship between central and local governments Enhancing local governance

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Japan in Context

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  1. Japan in Context (2) Politics and Governance Kayo Murakami RISE, Waseda University kayo@suou.waseda.jp

  2. Decentralization & Devolution • Objectives: • Establishing equal and cooperative relationship between central and local governments • Enhancing local governance • Rebuilding public finance of central and local governments (by active merger of local municipalities) • Delivering better public services by partnerships • Social justice

  3. 2149 Local municipalities (2005.3) Merger of local municipalities Current government system - centralised power structure Future system ? - decentralised power structure? Central Government small Central Government ? New Regional Governments ? 47 Prefectures 47 Prefectures to be demolished ? 3229 Local municipalities (1999.4) 671 Cities 1990 Towns 739 Cities 568 Villages 1317 Towns 339 Villages

  4. National Development Plan

  5. The 5th National Development Plan (1999March) Grand Design for the 21st Century Promotion of Regional Independence and Creation of Beautiful National Land Background • Ageing society • Economic maturity • Diversifying the sense of values and lifestyles • Focus on ‘quality’ and ‘maturity’ in every aspect of the socioeconomic People’s values • Quality than quantity • Freedom to choose and self-responsibility • Considering natural environment as a part of life • Equal opportunities: to lift the barriers of gender-based roles and responsibilities

  6. North-Eastern →(part of Pacific Rim) (China, Korea and Rossia) ↑Japan Sea Coastal ○ ◎ ○ ○ Pacific belt ○ ● Western ↓ New Pacific Ocean Coastal (South East Asia) Spatial Planning: the 5th National Development Plan • From unipolar, uniaxial national land structure (Pacific belt) to multi-axial national land structure

  7. The Spatial Strategy Basic objectives • Create regions that are independent and that residents can take pride in • Make Japan a safe and comfortable place to live • Enjoy and nourish sound nature‘s blessing • Build a vigorous economic society • Make the nation open to the world Strategies • Build nature-rich residential areas • Renovate metropolitan areas • Form regional cooperation corridors • Form international spheres of interaction on a large scale

  8. "Japan's 21st Century Vision" By Council on Economic and Fiscal Policy (2005)

  9. Machizukuri: community development • Machizukuri is a process in which a range of stakeholders collaborate to improve the quality of life by using and enhancing local resources. Source: AIJ (ed) Machizukuri Text Book (1) Community Machizukuri body (NPO) Machizukuri support by research institute Local municipality

  10. Machizukuri: community development 10 principles • Social wellbeing（公共の福祉の原則） • Locality（地域性の原則） • Bottom-up approaches（ボトムアップの原則） • Sense of place（場所の文脈の原則） • Partnerships（多主体による協働の原則） • Sustainability（持続可能性、地域内循環の原則） • Concurrent planning（相互編集の原則） • Strengthening individual creativity（個の啓発と早発性の原則） • Creating bio-region（環境共生の原則） • Think global & act local （グローカルの原則） Source: AIJ (ed) Machizukuri Text Book (1)

  11. Machizukuri bodies Since the 1998 “Law to Promote Specified Nonprofit Activities” was established, 25,000 NPO bodies were registered Kinosaki-town A. 31km2 P. 4,169 (2003) Oguni-town A. 137km2 P. 8,735 (2003) Manabi-ya-no-Sato (since 1996) Odawara-city A. 114km2 P. 199,000 (2005) Policy Research Institute of Odawara (since 2000) ● ● ● Hayakawa-town A. 370km2 P. 1,592 (2003) Japan Upper River Culture Institute (since 1996) ●

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