Heavy Flavor Upgrades for STAR and PHENIX Jim Thomas Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

1. Heavy Flavor Upgrades for STAR and PHENIX Jim Thomas Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Characterization of the QGP with Heavy Quarks Physikzentrum Bad Honnef June 25-28, 2008

2. STAR PRL, 98, 192301 (2007) Heavy Flavor Energy Loss 1) Non-photonic electrons decayed from - charm and beauty hadrons 2) At pT ≥ 6 GeV/c, RAA(n.e.) ~ RAA(h±) contradicts naïve pQCD predictions Surprising results - - challenge our understanding of the energy loss mechanism - force us to RE-think about the collisional energy loss - Requiresdirect measurements of C- and B-hadrons.

3. STAR Solenoidal field Large Solid Angle Tracking TPC’s, Si-Vertex Tracking RICH, EM Cal, TOF PHENIX Axial Field High Resolution & Rates 2 Central Arms, 2 Forward Arms TEC, RICH, EM Cal, Si, TOF, -ID Measurements of Hadronic observables using a large acceptance spectrometer Leptons, Photons, and Hadrons in selected solid angles (especially muons) Heavy Flavor Upgrades for STAR and PHENIX

4. Detector Upgrades • Each detector discovers a different part of the Elephant’s story • The detector upgrades are designed to complete the coverage of the physics program • and open new vistas • the charm and beauty sector … dE/dx, flow, coalescence, NCQ scaling

5. STAR Upgrades • Full Barrel MRPC TOF • DAQ Upgrade (order of magnitude increase in rate) • High precision Heavy Flavor Tracker near the vertex

6. The TOF Upgrade • Multiplate RPC technology • Beautiful electron ID • 85 ps timing resolution after slewing corrections • Each tray has 72 channels • 90 full trays this year, with new electronics • Funded by the DOE & CNSF • Construction and install in 2008, and 2009

7. Multi-Gap Resistive Plate Chamber TOF State-of-art MRPC: -0.9 < h < 0.9, 0 < f < 2p, r = 220cm 6 gaps, 3x6cm2 pad; 23K channels, 120 modules Most significant collab. to date between USA & China in HEP detector research 1 tray in runs 2-7 5 trays in run 8 ~75% in run 9 100% in run 10

8. Improving the “Time” in Time-of-Flight • 2001: • No timing devices (except Time Projection Chamber) • 2002: • BBC (~1ns), ZDC (200ps) • 2002-2008: • TOF tray+VPD (<100ps) Run8: 76M pp events TOF+TPX • 2008 • TOF st: 81ps

9. TPC FEE and DAQ Upgrade – DAQ 1000 • Faster, smaller, better … ( 10x ) • Current TPC FEE and DAQ limited to 100 Hz • Replace TPC FEE with next generation CERN based chips … 1 kHz readout • Make the FEE smaller to provide space for a forward tracking upgrade • Further improvements by only archiving “associated” clusters – build on L3 algorithms … 5 kHz !

10. Dual CERN D-RORC with fibers on the board Single D-RORC with 1 fiber mezzanine Mezzanine DDL ALICE FEE & DAQ • Four steps to an order of magnitude increase in data acquisition rates • TPC FEE (BNL&LBL) • TPC RDO (BNL) • DAQ Transmitter (CERN) • DAQ Receiver (CERN)

11. 4 layers of Si at mid rapidity, 2 PXL + 1 IST + 1 SSD (existing) The Heavy Flavor Tracker • A new detector • 18 mm silicon pixels • to yield 6 mm space point resolution • 436 M pixels • Direct Topological reconstruction of Charm • Detect charm decays with small ct, including D0 K  • New physics • Charm collectivity and flow to test thermalization at RHIC • Charm Energy Loss to test pQCD in a hot and dense medium at RHIC

12. Concept of HFT Layers Purpose of intermediate layers to get increasing resolution power with increasing hit-densities, so the high resolution hits in the inner pixel’s can be found, assigned and displaced vertices determined. SSD IST PIXEL

13. The Pixel Detector surrounds the vertex with Si End view 8 cm radius 2.5 cm radius Inner layer Outer layer ‘D-Tube Duct and Support ALICE style carbon support beams (green) Since modified to increase Sensor Clearances A thin detector using 50 m Si to finesse the limitations imposed by MCS

14. D0 Reconstruction Efficiency - Central Au+Au collisions: top 10%events. - The thin detector allows measurements down to pT ~ 0.5 GeV/c. - Essential and unique!

15. Charm Hadron v2 - 200 GeV Au+Au minimum biased collisions (500M events). - Charm collectivity  drag/diffusion constants  medium properties!

16. Even the Lc Simulations of the most challenging 3-body decays are encouraging so far This capability, which will be provided uniquely at RHIC by the HFT, is crucial for determining whether the baryon/meson anomaly extends to heavy quark hadrons

17. A more complete view of the STAR Upgrade plan TOF complete: PID information for > 95% of kaons and protons in the STAR acceptance Clean e± ID down to 0.2 GeV/c DOE investment ~ $4900k Chinese investment ~ $2700k FMS complete: d+Au and p+p data from Run 8 HFT partial implementation HFT complete full topological PID for c, b mesons DOE investment : upper limit of range ~ $14.7M DOE investment ~ $400k Run08 Run09 Run10 Run11 Run12 Run13 Run14 Run15 Planned LHC 1st heavy ion run Increase in Au+Au luminosity to 50 x 1027 cm-2 sec-1 U+U available from EBIS DOE investment ~ $7M DAQ1000 complete Immediate improvement of 300% in sampled luminosity for rare probes (e.g. jets in p+p) FGT complete: Accurate charge sign determination for W’s, DOE investment ~ $1900k DOE investment ~ $1900k

18. PHENIX Upgrade Plan • An aerogel and time-of-flight system to provide complete p/K/p separation for momenta up to 10~GeV/c. • A hadron-blind detector to detect and track electrons near the vertex • A vertex detector to detect displaced vertices from the decay of mesons containing charm or bottom quarks. • A muon trigger upgrade to preserve sensitivity at the highest projected RHIC luminosities. • A forward calorimeter to provide photon+jet studies over a wide kinematic range.

19. PHENIX Central Arm Upgrades • Vertex Spectrometer • flexible magnetic field • VTX: silicon barrel vertex tracker • HBD and/or TPC • Enhanced Particle ID • TRD (east) • Aerogel/TOF (west) VTX VTX HBD/TPC HBD/TPC Aerogel/TOF TRD charm/beauty: TRD e/ above 5 GeV/c e+e- continuum: Dalitz rejection High pT phenomena: , K, p separation to 10 GeV/c charm/beauty: displaced vertex

20. Silicon Vertex Tracker (VTX) VTX barrel |h|<1.2 Pixel Detectors at R ~ 2.5 & 5 cm Strip Detectors at R ~ 10 & 14 cm Endcap 1.2<|h|<2.7 Pixel barrel (50 mm x 425 mm) Strip barrels (80 mm x 3 cm) Endcap (extension) (50 mm x 2 mm) 1 - 2% X0 per layer barrel resolution < 50 mm endcap resolution < 150 mm

21. Cerenkov Silicon endcap Muon from hadron decays Muon from W U-Tracker Nosecone Calorimeter Tail Catcher D-Tracker Forward Upgrade Components • Muon trigger • U-tracker (MuTr or new) • D-tracker (timing with RPC’s) • Cerenkov • Endcap Vertex Tracker • silicon pixel detectors • Nosecone EM Calorimeter • W-silicon (20-50 X/X0) • shower max • tail catcher charm/beauty & jets: displaced vertex g,g-jet,W,p0,h,c: calorimeter W and quarkonium: improved m-trigger rejection

22. Nose-Cone Calorimeter • Prototype silicon wafer • 3 different versions of “stri-pixel” detectors for the preshower and shower max layers • Extended physics reach • Dq/q polarizations via spin dependent W-production • Small x-physics in d-A • Extended A-A program • high pT phenomena: p0 and g-jet • Replace existing PHENIX “nose-cones” (hadronic absorbers for muon arms) with Si-W calorimeter (Tungsten with Si readout) • Major increase in acceptance forphoton+jet studies

23. PHENIX Upgrades Schedule R&D Phase Construction Phase Ready for Data

24. Summary • The scientific program at RHIC is rich and diverse • Rare probes and high pt phenomena are a rich source of new discoveries • Strangeness, Charm, and Beauty are likely to yield even more new discoveries • We have promising spin program that is making critical and unique measurements • The scientific program at RHIC will keep getting better • The performance of the accelerator is improving each due to a carefully planned set of upgrades. • STAR will explore charm, beauty, and higher pt spectra at ever increasing data acquisition rates. • PHENIX will add sophisticated PID and tracking near the vertex. • These upgrades will yield exciting new physics results The Future is Very Bright