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TASA Public Lecture 2009 24 September

TASA Public Lecture 2009 24 September. Old Government House, Gardens Point Campus, QUT Professor Kerry Carrington Head of School of Justice. Girls and Juvenile Justice. International, National and State Data Sources Illustrate similar trends:

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TASA Public Lecture 2009 24 September

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  1. TASA Public Lecture 200924 September Old Government House, Gardens Point Campus, QUT Professor Kerry Carrington Head of School of Justice

  2. Girls and Juvenile Justice • International, National and State Data Sources Illustrate similar trends: • That boys continue to outnumber girls before the courts • However the gender gap in crime rates between boys and girls is narrowing.

  3. Global Trends • In Canada between1987 and 2000, the number of girls charged with criminal offences rose almost threefold. • In United States the ratio of female to male delinquents went from 1:8 to 1:4 • In England the ratio of delinquent girls to boys went from 1:7 to 1:5.

  4. Boys Criminal Matters,NSW Children’s Court 1960-2007

  5. NSW trends over 47 years • Boys continue to outnumber girls before the courts • However, male rates have been declining since 1975 • Gender gap has narrowed significantly over last 47 years as girls’ rates increase

  6. Male and Female Criminal Matters, NSW Children’s Courts 1960-2007 Source: Carrington & Pereira, 2009 Offending Youth, Federation Press

  7. Crime Rates by Sex, 1961- 2005, Census Years • Source: Carrington & Pereira, 2009 Offending Youth, Federation Press.

  8. The number of criminal matters for females increased from 490 in 1960 to a peak of 2,902 in 1997, and has declined to1735 in 2007. • Criminal matters for males rose from 6,128 in 1960 to a peak of 17,400 in 1975, and has since declined substantially to7406 in 2007. • Large part of the recent decline is probably due to diversion programs and legislation.

  9. Other States • No comparable data sets for other states • Increasing rates of female juvenile offending evident in other Australian jurisdictions. • In Qld from 1987 to 1994 there was a 64% increase in girls’ criminal offences, compared to just a 2% increase for young men (Beikoff, 1996: 17).

  10. Rising Female Violence • In US from 1967 to 1996, the arrest rates for girls for violent crime rose by 345% compared to 124 % boys • Canada - five fold increase in the number of girls charged with violent offences • In England violence offences committed by girls ‘have risen consistently between 2000 and 2006’ (Arnull & Eagle, 2009: 87).

  11. Young Female Violent Offenders, United Kingdom 2001-05 Source: Data extracted from Appendix B, Arnull and Eagle (2009), Girls and offending –patterns, perceptions and interventions, Home Office, London.

  12. % of Violent Offences By Sex 1989-2007, NSW Children’s Court • Source: Carrington, Kerry & Pereira, Margaret 2009 Offending Youth, Federation Press

  13. In 2007 violent offences accounted for 29% of females appearances before the children’s courts in NSW, compared to 13.8% in 1989. • Over the same time frame, the proportion of violent crimes among males rose less notably, from 10.7 % in 1989 to 19% in 2007. • AIC study (1997) reported rises in violent offending for girls for Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia and Victoria

  14. Sociological Explanations for the rise in female delinquency & violence No Single Simple Explanation • 1. The ‘Sisters in Crime’ thesis: Women’s Lib • 2. Delinquent Girls, Gangs & Youth Cultures • 3. Policy and legislative shifts away from policing girls’ sexuality to policing girls’ delinquency • 4. Girls’ Rising Violence coincides with rise in Cyber Bullying

  15. Policy and Legislative Changes • The upward trend in appearances of females before the Queensland children’s courts is a result of ‘policy decisions rather than criminal activity’ (Ogilvie, Lynch, Bell, 2000:6) • Shift from policing girls sexual and moral conduct to criminal conduct

  16. Changing Profile of Female Delinquency Source: Carrington & Pereira, 2009 Offending Youth, Federation Press

  17. Girls, Violence & Cyberbullying Google Search Results

  18. One of millions of girl on girl fights on the internet

  19. Girls & Cyberbullying • Little research into this new crime • Around 90% of adolescents have access to the internet • Around 75% to a mobile phone • Estimates of adolescent on-line users experiencing cyber-bullying range from 5% to 30% • Repeat victimisation common experience • Girls report being bullied more than boys • Pilot studies found girls do more cyberbullying than boys

  20. What can be done? • Raise Public Awareness about the risks of internet use for purposes of bullying • Reduce the naivety about the harm caused by this crime • Better to educate for prevention, as regulation is fraught for global crimes • Responsibility for preventing cyberbullying rests with young people, parents, educators, regulators and internet service providers

  21. What else can be done? • Target harden your home computer with internet security tools • Block fight sites • Turn off the home internet at homework time • Ban mobiles with cameras in schools • Conduct more research into the problem and solution

  22. Addressing Rising Girls Violence • Few programs exist that address girls’ violence because of the assumption that most violence is committed by boys • Prevention is preferable to regulation • Anti-violence prevention campaigns need to broaden to include girl on girl violence

  23. Thanks for listening • Questions?

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