Fresh w ater

1. Aquatic Biomes Fresh water Wet Lands Marine Fresh water BIOME

2. Earth: The Water Planet • Water covers ¾ (75%!) of the Earth‘s surface • Only 2.5% of that water is fresh water (no salt). • Most of the fresh water on Earth is in the form of ice. The freshwater biome includes: • Ponds • Lakes • Streams • Rivers

3. Fresh water Biome • The fresh water biome contains little salt. (It has low salinity - usually less than 1%.) • The most important abiotic factor is sunlight, which is necessary for photosynthesis. • Water absorbs sunlight, so there is only enough sunlight for photosynthesis near the surface or in the shallow water. • Algae are the main producers of the fresh water biome. Energy Transformation:radiant chemical (radiant energy/SUNLIGHT is converted to chemical energy/SUGAR as plants make their food in the process of photosynthesis)

4. Freshwater Location Freshwater can be found all over the world and covers 1/5 of the Earth’s surface.

5. Abiotic VS Biotic Pick a Partner (sitting next to you) Tell a person to one side of you what an ABIOTIC factor is. Identify three 3 examples ofABIOTICfactors. Tell a person to one side of you what what a BIOTICfactor is. Identify three 3 examples of BIOTIC factors.

6. Abiotic Factors (non-living) water soil rocks temperature speed of water flow sunlight Biotic Factors (living) 12% of the worlds animals (including 40% of the world’s fish species) Many types of plants Abiotic and BioticFactors in theFresh water Biome

7. Ponds and Lakes • Ponds and lakes are bodies of unmoving (still) fresh water. • Many have limited biodiversity(Biodiversity = number of and varietyof organisms found in an area) because they are isolated from one another, and from other water sources like rivers and oceans.

8. Streams and Rivers • Streams and rivers consist of bodies of moving water. • Rivers begin at an area called the headwatersand end at an area called the mouth.

9. Streams and Rivers • The water near the origin or beginning of the stream (the ‘headwaters’)moves faster, is clearer, and has a higher oxygen content. Freshwater fish, such as trout,are found in this area, “up stream”. • The water near the mouthof the river is where water slows,has more sediments and contains less oxygen.Catfishand carp are found in this area, aka “down-stream”.

10. Streams and Rivers Downstream Upstream

11. Streams and Rivers W.E.D. in RIVERS Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition (W.E.D.) occurs in rivers when rocks are broken into pieces (weathering), carried away by the running water (erosion), and dropped off at the mouth of the river (deposition).

12. Animals & Plants

13. Animals Some animals in a freshwater biome are: trout, catfish, bass, mosquitoes, black flies, frogs, snakes, salamanders, and alligators.

14. Aquatic Adaptations Turn to your neighbor and discuss: What is an adaptation? What is the purpose of an adaptation? What types of adaptations would you expect to find in plants and animals that live in the water? How do organisms adapt?

15. Adaptations occur over time Adaptations are characteristics of an organism that help it survive in its environment or reproduce. • It takes many generations for adaptive genes to be formed in a species. • These genes are passed down from parents to offspring just as your genes were inherited from your parents! • This is called Heredity!

16. Adaptations – how do they occur? • Sexual Reproduction – The union of two parent cells to form an offspring • Asexual Reproduction – Formation of an offspring from a single parent cell (exact copy). B AB A

17. Aquatic Adaptations-plants Certain plants that are underwater have very little xylem, or no xylem at all. What is xylem? Xylemis an internal pipe system that transports water from the roots. Because they are submerged, underwater plants do not need to transport water from their roots. Elodeais a submergent plant that has no xylem.

18. Aquatic Adaptations-animals • Streamlined body reduces friction when the animal moves through the water. (Fish) • Dense fur helps streamline the bodies of some aquatic mammals and keeps them warm. (river otter) • Webbed feet, formed from thin skin between the toes, work like paddles. (duck-billed platypus, ducks, and other aquatic birds)

19. Aquatic Adaptations-animals - Eyespositioned on top of the head allow animals to hide almost fully submerged in water and still detect predators or prey above the water. (hippos, alligators) - Flattened tails serve as paddles. (beaver)

20. Energy Pyramid For an ecosystem to function, energy must be available and it must be transferrable. The Law of Conservation tells us that energy is not created or destroyed, but simply changes forms. Evidence of this can be seen in the Energy Pyramid.

21. Energy Pyramid An energy pyramid shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web. The producer level (the base) of the pyramid is where the most energy is available. As you move up the energy pyramid from base to top, less energy is available, because organisms at each level use some of the energy to carry out life processes. Only about 10% of the energy contained in one level of a food web/pyramid is transferred up to the next level.

22. Energy Pyramid 4th levelconsumer Least energy (Ex: 1 unit) 3rd consumer Less energy (Ex: 10 units) 2nd level consumer Less energy (Ex: 100 units) 1st levelconsumer Less energy (Ex: 1,000 units) PRODUCERS Most energy (Ex:10,000 units)

23. Human Influence Turn to your neighbor and discuss the following question… • What are some ways humans affect aquatic biomes?

24. Human Influence • The biggest way humans affect aquatic biomes? POLLUTION.

25. Human Influence The freshwater biome is threatened by lots of pollution • farm runoff, • industrial discharges, • recreational boating, • and fast-food packaging.

26. Human Influence • 2 types of pollution affect the fresh water biome • Chemical pollution- the introduction of toxic chemicals into the water (oil spills, pesticides, bio-hazardous materials, illegal dumping etc.) • Thermal pollution - Water used as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers is returned to the natural environment at a high temperature. This change in temperature decreases oxygen supply, and has negative effects on ecosystems.

27. It’s your turn! Which of the following describes a pond? • a moving body of water that is rich in oxygen • small organisms that provide food for the rest of the aquatic food chain • a body of water that is rich in salt content • a still body of water with limited diversity.

28. An abiotic factor of the freshwater biome is ____. • Ducks • Elodea • Water • Waterlily

29. Which of the following has headwaters and a mouth? • Lake • Pond • Alligator • River

30. What energy transformation takes place when plants make their food from the sun during photosynthesis? • Thermal  mechanical • Radiant  chemical • Radiant  mechanical • photosynthesis

31. What level of the energy pyramid is represented by the arrow? 2nd level consumer

32. Which of the following would NOT be found in the freshwater biome? • A plant that requires a lot of salt • Otter • A plant that requires little salt • Trout