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Semester 2 Final Review Part 2

Semester 2 Final Review Part 2. Carbohydrates, Photosynthesis & Respiration and Ecology. DECOMPOSERS. Cause decay and release essential nutrients back into the environment to be recycled . Scavengers Detritivores Saprotrophs. 1. Scavenger:.

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Semester 2 Final Review Part 2

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  1. Semester 2 Final Review Part 2 Carbohydrates, Photosynthesis & Respiration and Ecology

  2. DECOMPOSERS • Cause decay and release essential nutrients back into the environment to be recycled. • Scavengers • Detritivores • Saprotrophs

  3. 1. Scavenger: • Obtain their energy from organic wastes and dead bodies that are produced at all trophic levels • Ex vultures.

  4. Scavergers can also include: Secondary (2nd Order) CONSUMERS (Omnivores)- • Omnivore • Eats herbivores as well as being a scavenger • Ex. Bear, racoon

  5. 2. Detritivore: • Consume detritus (dead organic matter) • Ex. Worms

  6. 3. Saprotrophs • Feed exclusively on dead or decaying organic material. • Saprophyte: • Release digestive enzymes to break down organic material in their surrounding environment and survive by taking up the simpler soluble substances produced (spit and suck) • Ex. Fungi, bacteria

  7. FOOD WEB

  8. FOOD WEB shows the interactions between a wide variety of organisms in the environment • creating a complicated, interconnected path of energy flow. are used to study effects of the changing or introduction of a variable in an environment

  9. Ecological Pyramids: graphs which illustrate the trophic levels in a community.

  10. Does all the energy this caterpillar eats get passed to the bird who eats him? Plant material eaten by caterpillar 100 kilocalories (kcal) 35 kcal Cellular respiration 50 kcal Feces 15 kcal Growth

  11. Less Energy More Energy Most ecological pyramids are large at the base and narrow at the top. This is because every time that an organism is eaten by the next trophic level, some of the energy is lost as heat.

  12. Pyramid of Biomass: • Illustrates the amount of biomass in each trophic level • Biomass weight is determined after dehydration • Shows the amount of matter lost between trophic levels. • Measured in Kg, grams or pounds

  13. Pyramid of Energy: • Shows the energy available at each trophic level. • The size of the blocks represents the proportion of productivity • Measured in Joules or Calories

  14. Pyramid of Numbers: • Illustration of the number of organisms at each level

  15. POPULATIONS Definition: All the members of a species that live in one place at one time.

  16. PROPERTIES of Populations • Population SIZE • The number of individuals in a population • Population DENSITY • Number of individuals per unit of area • DISPERSION • SPATIAL distribution of individuals within the population • Uniform • Random • Clumped

  17. Population Growth RATE Definition • The amount by which a population’s sizechanges over time.

  18. Population Growth RATE • Depends on: • Birth • Death • Emigration: movement of individuals OUT OF a population • Immigration: movement of individuals INTO a population + - - +

  19. EXPONENTIAL Model of Population Growth • Population increases rapidly with no limit • What will a graph look like? • Rare in nature. Why? “J” shaped curve Limit on the amount of resources (food / space)

  20. Population Growth Limited by Carrying Capacity Definition: The number of individuals the environment can support over a long period of time

  21. LOGISTIC Model of Population Growth As population reaches carrying capacity, death rate increases • Accounts for influence of limiting factors (like food, space) • What will the graph look like? When at carrying capacity, birth rate is equal to death rate When population is small, birth rate is higher than death rate Stretched out “S”

  22. Population Size REGULATION 1. Density Independent Factors: reduce population regardless of population size Examples: • Weather • Fires • Floods

  23. Population Size REGULATION 2. Density Dependent Factors: triggered by increasing population density Examples • Food shortages • Space limitations • Waste accumulation

  24. Example of Exponential Growth Phase (J-Shaped Curve) • Ex. Human Population • Human population increased relatively slowly until about 1650. • It then doubled in the next two centuries • It doubled again in the next 80 years. • Our population is now about 6.9 billion. • This increases by 80 million/year • This in an increase of 214,000/day. • It takes 3 years for the world population to add the population equivalent of another US.

  25. Ecological Principles Vocabulary Biome Predation Decomposer Parasitism Scavenger Biodiversity Mutualism Detritivore Commensalism Saprotroph Population Pyramid of Energy Food Chain Pyramid of Biomass Food Web Pyramid of Numbers Autotroph Population Producer Immigration Trophic Levle Heterotroph Emigration Ecology Consumer Logistic Biosphere -primary, etc… Exponential Habitat Herbivore Carrying Capacity Biotic/Abiotic Omnivore Density Dependent Limiting Factor Community Carnivore Density Independent Limiting Factor Dispersion Patterns

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