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For dissection purposes, the anatomical directions of the body must be known:

For dissection purposes, the anatomical directions of the body must be known: Anterior: toward the head or top Also called cranial Posterior: opposite the head, toward the tail/anus Also called Caudal Ventral: at the front of, in front Dorsal: behind, in the back of

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For dissection purposes, the anatomical directions of the body must be known:

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  1. For dissection purposes, the anatomical directions of the body must be known: • Anterior: toward the head or top • Also called cranial • Posterior: opposite the head, toward the tail/anus • Also called Caudal • Ventral: at the front of, in front • Dorsal: behind, in the back of • Lateral: away from the centerof the body

  2. Details of Phyla • Fill in the defining characteristics into your chart • Specialization- are cells specialized for different jobs? • Symmetry- is it radial or bilateral? Is there symmetry at all? • Body Cavity- do they have a true coelom? Pseudocoelom? No body cavity at all? • Protostome/Deuterostome- does the blastopore become the mouth or the anus?

  3. Details of Phyla • Fill in the defining characteristics into your chart • Digestion- Do they digest inside the cells or outside the cells? How many openings does the digestive tract have? • Segmentation- are there divisions along the body specialized for different purposes? • Skeleton- internal, external, or hydrostatic? • Examples- what do animals in this phylum look like?

  4. Skeleton refers to a support system- remember that animals do not have cell walls- so what holds animals into shape and prevents them from being a giant blob of cells? Hydrostatic skeleton- fluid pressing against muscles, no hard parts External skeleton- tough outer covering of chitin Internal skeleton- this is what YOU have- internal HARD substances like BONES Skeleton- do you mean like bones?

  5. Cell Specialization: Yes (few) Symmetry: None (asymmetrical) Body Cavity: No Digestive Tract Protostome or Deuterostome: N/A Phylum Porifera

  6. Digestion: Filter feederIntracellular Segmentation: No Skeleton: Silica Example: Sponges Phylum Porifera

  7. Phylum Porifera • Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion: • occur via diffusion of gases and wastes between water and cells • Reproduction: • asexual (budding) or sexual (internal fertilization) • Response • Produce toxins to ward off predators (sea slugs)

  8. Cell Specialization: Yes Symmetry: Radial Body Cavity: Gastro-vascular cavity (one opening) for feedingand gas exchange Protostome or Deuterostome: N/A Phylum Cnidaria

  9. Digestion: Extracellular in the Gastrovascular cavity Segmentation: No Skeleton: Hydrostatic (two muscle layers and fluid) Examples: Jellyfish, coral, Portuguese man of war Phylum Cnidaria

  10. Phylum Cnidaria • Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion: • occur via diffusion of gases and wastes between water and cells, or cell to cell • Reproduction: • Asexual (budding) or sexual (external fertilization) • Response: • Nerve net • Stinging cells called cnidocytes on tentacles

  11. Ctenophora • Cell Specialization: Yes • Symmetry: Radial • Body Cavity: Gastro-vascular cavity with 2 openings:mouth and anal pore • Protostome or Deuterostome: N/A

  12. Ctenophora • Digestion: Extracellular in the Gastrovascular cavity • Segmentation: No • Skeleton: Hydrostatic (two muscle layers and fluid) • Examples: Jellyfish, coral, Portuguese man of war

  13. Ctenophora • Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion: • occur via diffusion of gases and wastes between water and cells • Reproduction: • hermaphroditic • Response: • Nerve net • No stinging cells, but have sticky cells called colloblasts used to capture prey • bioluminescent

  14. Cell Specialization: Yes Symmetry: Bilateral Body Cavity: Acoelomate (have a digestive tract but no body cavity) Protostome or Deuterostome: Protostome Phylum Platyhelminthes

  15. Digestion: Extracellular in the gastrovascular cavity one opening- mouth/anus Segmentation: No Skeleton: Hydrostatic Examples: Tapeworms, Flukes Phylum Platyhelminthes

  16. Respiration, circulation and excretion: Diffusion exchanges gas and excretes waste through body walls Response: Ganglia in head region (groups of nerve cells) Eyespots (detect light) Reproduction: Sexual Hermaphrodites (produce both egg and sperm cells) Two worms can exchange sperm Asexual fission Phylum Platyhelminthes

  17. Rotifera Cilia covered corona • Cell Specialization: Yes • Symmetry: Bilateral • Body Cavity: Pseudocoelomate(lined partially with mesoderm) • Protostome or Deuterostome: Protostome

  18. Rotifera • Digestion: Extracellular • Segmentation: No • Skeleton: Hydrostatic • Example: rotifers (seenin your pond water lab)

  19. Rotifera • Parthenogenetic reproduction (eggs are diploid) and only in certain conditions are males formed. • Males are formedfrom unfertilized haploid eggs • Fertilize other haploid eggs and create a dormant fertilized eggthat under the right conditions will become a parthenogenetic female.

  20. Cell Specialization: Yes Symmetry: Bilateral Body Cavity: Pseudocoelomate(lined partially with mesoderm) Protostome or Deuterostome: Protostome Phylum Nematoda

  21. Digestion: Extracellular Segmentation: No Skeleton: Hydrostatic Example: Hookworms, Filarial worms, pinworms, heartworms Phylum Nematoda

  22. Respiration, circulation and excretion: Diffusion transports nutrients and gases Flame cells remove excess water from the body Response: Several ganglia in head region (groups of nerve cells) Several nerve extend the length of the body Reproduction: Sexual: separate sexes, internal fertilization Phylum Nematoda

  23. Cell Specialization: Yes Symmetry: Bilateral Body Cavity: Coelomate (lined with mesoderm) Protostome or Deuterostome: Protostome Phylum Annelida

  24. Digestion: Extracellular Segmentation: Yes Skeleton: Hydrostatic Example: Leeches, earthworms, meal worms Phylum Annelida

  25. Respiration, circulation and excretion: Breathe using gills (aquatic) or use diffusion (terrestrial) Closed circulatory system Nephridia are specialized excretory organs that filter fluid Response: Brain and several nerve cords Sensory tentacles, chemical receptors Reproduction: Sexual: separate sexes, external fertilization Some annelids are hermaphrodites Phylum Annelida

  26. Cell Specialization: Yes Symmetry: Bilateral Body Cavity: Coelomate Protostome or Deuterostome: Protostome Mollusca

  27. Digestion: Extracellular Segmentation: Yes Skeleton: Hydrostatic Examples: Snails, clams, squids, octopi Mollusca

  28. Respiration, circulation and excretion: Breathe using gills (aquatic) or use diffusion (terrestrial) Open circulatory system Nephridia are specialized excretory organs that filter fluid Response: Simple nervous system (small ganglia, few nerve cords, simple sense organs) (ex: clams) Well-developed brains (ex: octopi) Reproduction: Sexual: external or internal fertilization Hermaphrodites or separate sexes Phylum Mollusca

  29. Cell Specialization: Yes Symmetry: Bilateral Body Cavity: Coelomate Protostome or Deuterostome: Protostome Phylum Arthropoda

  30. Digestion: Extracellular Segmentation: Yes Skeleton: Exoskeleton Examples: Crustaceans, Arachnids, Insects Phylum Arthropoda

  31. Respiration, circulation and excretion: Trachael tubes or book lungs Open circulatory system Malphigian tubules extract waste from the blood and add it to digestive waste Response: Several ganglia in head region (groups of nerve cells) Several nerve extend the length of the body Reproduction: Sexual: separate sexes, internal fertilization Phylum Arthropoda

  32. Cell Specialization: Yes Symmetry: Radial Body Cavity: Coelomate Protostome or Deuterostome: Deuterostome Phylum Echinodermata

  33. Digestion: Extracellular Segmentation: Yes Skeleton: Endoskeleton Examples: Sea stars, Brittle stars, sand dollars Phylum Echinodermata

  34. Respiration, circulation and excretion: Diffusion through tube feet Circulation through water vascular system Response: Nerve ring that surrounds the mouth has radial nerves that connect to body sections Reproduction: Sexual: separate sexes, external fertilization Phylum Echinodermata

  35. Cell Specialization: Yes Symmetry: Bilateral Body Cavity: Coelomate Protostome or Deuterostome: Deuterostome Digestion: Extracellular Segmentation: Yes Skeleton: Endoskeleton Example: Lancelet, sea squirts Phylum Chordata

  36. Cell Specialization: Yes Symmetry: Bilateral Body Cavity: Coelomate Protostome or Deuterostome: Deuterostome Nonvertebrate chordates

  37. Digestion: Extracellular Segmentation: Yes Skeleton: Endoskeleton Example: Lancelet, sea squirts Nonvertebrate Chordata

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