Chapter 5: The Renaissance

1. Chapter 5: The Renaissance THE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH

2. 1. Universities and Scholasticism (pp. 184–192) ANTICIPATORY SET Complete a Think/Pair/Share using the following question: Do you think a college should train its students for a specific profession or give them a general education for life?

3. 1. Universities and Scholasticism (pp. 184–192) BASIC QUESTIONS What was the origin, organization, curriculum, and influence of the university on Medieval European society? What was the methodology of Scholasticism? KEY IDEAS As the demand for education grew, teachers in the north of Europe formed guilds to protect their interests; in the south of Europe, students from different regions formed nations to protect their interests and administer the university. Students heard books, and more advanced students debated their professors. Studium generale included philosophy, theology, law, medicine, and the liberal arts; the liberal arts consisted of the trivium (grammar, logic, and rhetoric) and the quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music). Students could then go on to receive a doctorate in law, medicine, or theology. The universities educated tens of thousands. Scholasticism (science of the schools) collected statements about a subject, including contradictory ones, and tried to harmonize them using reason. St. Thomas Aquinas reconciled Aristotelian thought with Divine Revelation, creating a synthesis of faith and reason that became standard for Catholic thinking.

4. 1. Universities and Scholasticism (pp. 184–192) GUIDED EXERCISE Mini-lecture on the seeming contradiction between faith and philosophy.

5. 1. Universities and Scholasticism (pp. 184–192) FOCUS QUESTIONS How were schools reorganized, and what was the difference between schools in the north and the south of Europe? Students apprenticed to expert teachers and were awarded degrees when they had mastered their disciplines, just as in other trade guilds. In the north, teachers ran the schools; in the south, students did. What was a universitas? It was a corporation that protected the educational and administrative interests of its members, namely, the faculty.

6. 1. Universities and Scholasticism (pp. 184–192) FOCUS QUESTIONS How was the University of Bologna organized? Students from various regions organized into nations, and each elected a rector. The rector led the nation and helped administer the university in conjunction with rectors from other nations. How was the University of Paris organized? Originally, the chancellor awarded licenses to faculty and academic degrees to graduates. To protect their interests the teachers banded together to form the universitas. As studies became more specialized, the universitas separated into faculties with a dean leading each. The deans elected a rector who was the head of all faculties and the university. How were the liberal arts divided? There were seven liberal arts divided into two categories. The trivium was made up of grammar, logic, and rhetoric. The more advanced quadrivium included the mathematical disciplines: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music.

7. 1. Universities and Scholasticism (pp. 184–192) GRAPHIC ORGANIZER Complete the following table about the seven liberal arts (cf. p. 188).

8. 1. Universities and Scholasticism (pp. 184–192)

9. 1. Universities and Scholasticism (pp. 184–192) GUIDED EXERCISE Work with a partner to perform a paragraph shrink on the Catechism, no. 159 (p. 236).

10. 1. Universities and Scholasticism (pp. 184–192) FOCUS QUESTIONS What degrees were offered? Those who mastered the trivium received a Bachelor of Arts degree. Mastering the quadrivium earned a Master of Arts. A student could also continue to study to earn a doctorate in law, medicine, or theology. What was the role of debate? Masters and doctoral students learned by debating their professors about the subjects they were studying.

11. 1. Universities and Scholasticism (pp. 184–192) FOCUS QUESTIONS What are the four Books of Sentences? These works of Peter Lombard are comprehensive collections and discussions of the Church Fathers whose aim is to achieve a rational understanding of all questions relating to Revelation. How were Aristotle’s works introduced into the West? They were known through the Arab scholars Averroes and Avicenna.

12. 1. Universities and Scholasticism (pp. 184–192) FOCUS QUESTIONS With what university is St. Thomas Aquinas associated? He studied and taught at the University of Paris. What is the Summa Theologiæ? This greatest work of St. Thomas Aquinas is a systematic examination of the fundamental beliefs of Christianity. What position of Averroes was most problematic? He held the double truth theory.

13. 1. Universities and Scholasticism (pp. 184–192) FOCUS QUESTIONS What is the double truth theory? Philosophical truth, which is based on logical demonstration, is superior to theological truth, which is based on opinion. A person can accept contradictory truths, philosophy being superior. What was St. Thomas’s answer to the double truth theory? He rejected it. St. Thomas held that theology, based on Divine Revelation, was superior to philosophy (philosophy is the handmaiden of theology) because of the absolute veracity of Revelation. Theology can guide, correct, and modify philosophical principles. There can never be a real division between philosophical and theological truths because there is one truth. If there appears to be a contradiction, philosophy must submit to the guidance of theology.

14. 1. Universities and Scholasticism (pp. 184–192) FOCUS QUESTIONS What effect did the Crusades have on the universities? Because of the Crusades, many books and ideas previously unknown in the West were discovered. These were incorporated into university studies. What was the impact of the University of Paris? Distinguished youth and future churchmen from every part of Europe studied there. How many students were enrolled in universities? There were as many students as townspeople in Paris. In Bologna, there were some 10,000 students. Even more were estimated at Oxford.

15. 1. Universities and Scholasticism (pp. 184–192) FOCUS QUESTIONS For what purpose did St. Thomas use Aristotelian philosophy? St. Thomas used Aristotelian philosophy to explain theology. Was St. Thomas’s thought immediately accepted? No; most thinkers were apprehensive about Aristotle. What did Bl. John Duns Scotus try to do? He tried to compromise between St. Thomas and St. Augustine.

16. 1. Universities and Scholasticism (pp. 184–192) GUIDED EXERCISE Some people claim that God cannot exist because there is evil in the world. Read aloud Objection 1 and St. Thomas’s Reply to Objection 1, and then discuss the following questions: What is the core argument in the objection and the reply? Do you think St. Thomas demonstrates that the existence of evil is compatible with an infinitely good God?

17. 1. Universities and Scholasticism (pp. 184–192) FOCUS QUESTIONS How was St. Thomas as a young student? He could listen to a lesson and repeat it with more depth and clarity than the teacher. How did St. Thomas’s family react to his desire to be a Dominican? His brothers locked him in the family castle and hired a woman to seduce him. Why did St. Thomas’s fellow students at Cologne call him a dumb ox? He was large and quiet, which they mistook for a lack of intelligence.

18. 1. Universities and Scholasticism (pp. 184–192) HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT Study Questions 1–13 (p. 234) Practical Exercise 1 (p. 236) Workbook Questions 1–31 Read “The Mendicant Orders” through “Medieval Architecture” (pp. 192–201)

19. 1. Universities and Scholasticism (pp. 184–192) CLOSURE Free write for five minutes about St. Thomas Aquinas’s contribution to Catholic theology.

20. 1. Universities and Scholasticism (pp. 184–192) ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT Discuss the following question: Should colleges today return to providing a single curriculum that all students should master, or should they continue to specialize?

21. 2. Mendicants and the Flowering of Culture (pp. 192–201) ANTICIPATORY SET Spend a few minutes analyzing the photographs of Gothic cathedrals (pp. 199–201).

22. 2. Mendicants and the Flowering of Culture (pp. 192–201) BASIC QUESTIONS What is the story of St. Francis of Assisi, and what were his contributions? What is the story of St. Dominic, and what were his contributions? How did architecture, literature, and the fine arts develop in the Middle Ages? KEY IDEAS St. Francis embraced a radical poverty in imitation of Christ and attracted thousands of followers, who preached the Gospel to the poor and helped renew the Faith. St. Dominic founded a mendicant order dedicated to preaching and education; it was enormously influential in the renewal of Medieval society. Catholics of the Middle Ages created soaring cathedrals that are magnificent religious works of art; vernacular literature, which reflected both everyday life and eternal truths; and religious paintings that set the stage for Renaissance art.

23. 2. Mendicants and the Flowering of Culture (pp. 192–201) FOCUS QUESTIONS What does “mendicant” mean? From the Latin mendicare (to beg), mendicants practiced poverty and survived by begging. What was the focus of the Franciscans, and what was the focus of the Dominicans? Franciscans preached the Gospel to the poor and lived a radical poverty to reflect the love of Christ. Dominicans were dedicated to teaching and learning and produced great intellectuals.

24. 2. Mendicants and the Flowering of Culture (pp. 192–201) GUIDED EXERCISE Work with a partner to discuss problems likely to arise with a religious order in which thousands of friars living in cities were forbidden to own any property or accumulate any wealth. Keep in mind the friars needed to live, carry out their work, and receive an education.

25. 2. Mendicants and the Flowering of Culture (pp. 192–201) FOCUS QUESTIONS How did St. Francis receive his vocation? He was praying and doing penance when he heard God’s voice telling him, “Rebuild my Church.” How did St. Francis’s father and the townspeople of Assisi treat him? His father beat him for wasting his money, disinherited him, and wanted the law to punish him. The townspeople threw rocks at him and mocked him as a madman. What happened when St. Francis’s father dragged him before the local bishop? St. Francis stripped almost naked and said, from now on, his only father would be God the Father.

26. 2. Mendicants and the Flowering of Culture (pp. 192–201) FOCUS QUESTIONS How was St. Francis as a young man, and what happened when he realized his dream of becoming a soldier? He loved to have a good time with his friends and dreamed of being a crusader. During his first battle, he was wounded and spent many months ill in captivity. How did imprisonment change St. Francis? He began to pray and meditate on the life of Christ, which led him to turn away from his worldly life.

27. 2. Mendicants and the Flowering of Culture (pp. 192–201) FOCUS QUESTIONS How did St. Francis live after he had disowned his father? He lived alone in the hills, fasting and praying. Who is Lady Poverty? St. Francis said he was married to Lady Poverty. It expressed his romantic love for living poverty. What did St. Francis do when he heard the Gospel passage in which Christ gave his Apostles instructions on how to preach? He took the instructions literally. He preached without shoes, cloak, staff, and money. He wore a brown peasant’s tunic and preached to and begged with the poor.

28. 2. Mendicants and the Flowering of Culture (pp. 192–201) FOCUS QUESTIONS How was the Franciscan Order founded, and what was its first Rule? The order began when two men joined St. Francis in his travels and way of life. For their Rule, St. Francis listed the passages in the Gospels in which Christ asked his followers to give away their property and live a life of poverty. Why did Pope Innocent III accept St. Francis? Pope Innocent III had a dream in which a poor man was holding up the Basilica of St. John Lateran, the cathedral of the Diocese of Rome. Innocent took him to be St. Francis.

29. 2. Mendicants and the Flowering of Culture (pp. 192–201) FOCUS QUESTIONS To what Sacrament was St. Francis devoted especially? St. Francis was devoted especially to the Eucharist. He asked everyone to be more devoted to the Eucharist and everything associated with it, including celebrating Mass reverently, keeping churches clean, and having beautiful vessels. How many Franciscans existed at the end of St. Francis’ life? There were nearly 5000. What special grace did St. Francis receive? He received the stigmata, the wounds of Christ’s Passion.

30. 2. Mendicants and the Flowering of Culture (pp. 192–201) FOCUS QUESTIONS What problem did the Franciscans face after St. Francis’s death? Thousands of Franciscans needed a practical way to survive in the cities while living the spirit of poverty. Why is St. Bonaventure called the “second founder” of the Franciscans? St. Bonaventure solved the Franciscans’ problem of how to survive without property. Might the Franciscans have survived without St. Bonaventure’s arrangement? They likely would have encountered difficulties to survive as an order.

31. 2. Mendicants and the Flowering of Culture (pp. 192–201) FOCUS QUESTIONS In what way did the Albigensian heretics seem more Christlike than Catholics? The Albigensians preached extreme poverty. This seemed to honor the example of Christ more than the lax morals exhibited by many clerics of the day. How was the Albigensian heresy harmful to the human person? Its adherents taught that marriage and conception—even life itself—were evils, whereas suicide, abortion, and homosexual acts were acceptable. How was the Albigensian heresy harmful to the Catholic Faith? This heresy rejected the priesthood and the Sacraments. Therefore, its adherents denied themselves the benefits of the Sacraments during their time on earth.

32. 2. Mendicants and the Flowering of Culture (pp. 192–201) FOCUS QUESTIONS Why were St. Dominic and his followers called the Order of Preachers? St. Dominic sent them out in pairs into cities to live and preach to the people. What was St. Dominic’s secret weapon? The Rosary was his weapon. How popular was the Order of Preachers compared to the Franciscans? Their numbers were small, but their preaching and scholarship had a profound influence in time.

33. 2. Mendicants and the Flowering of Culture (pp. 192–201) FOCUS QUESTIONS How did St. Dominic become a preacher to the Albigensians? The Abbot of Citeaux in Southern France complained to a Spanish bishop and his canon (St. Dominic) about how hard it was to convert people back to the Catholic Faith from Albigensianism. The two said that the example of the preacher was just as important as his words. Because Christ’s disciples preached barefoot without a staff or money, the two Spanish travelers decided to do the same. Why was St. Dominic interested in education? He believed that a preacher needed a solid intellectual basis to convert the Albigensians.

34. 2. Mendicants and the Flowering of Culture (pp. 192–201) FOCUS QUESTIONS What is the Romanesque style of architecture? Based on the form of a Roman basilica, a Romanesque building is built in the shape of a cross with round, stone vaults. It is a heavy, long-lasting structure. What idea gave rise to Gothic architecture? Gothic architecture is based on Christ as the Light of the World. What is the Gothic style of architecture? Architects developed ways to raise roofs higher and support their weight without using thicker walls. The walls, then, could be opened with huge banks of windows. These windows were filled with stained glass, which both illustrated stories from the Bible and filled the halls with colored light.

35. 2. Mendicants and the Flowering of Culture (pp. 192–201) GUIDED EXERCISE Search the Internet for photographs and descriptions of other Gothic churches.

36. 2. Mendicants and the Flowering of Culture (pp. 192–201) GUIDED EXERCISE Search the Internet for a gallery of the works of Giotto.

37. 2. Mendicants and the Flowering of Culture (pp. 192–201) HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT Study Questions 14–26 (p. 235) Workbook Questions 32–54 Read “Pope St. Celestine V” through “St. Joan of Arc” (pp. 202–210)

38. 2. Mendicants and the Flowering of Culture (pp. 192–201) CLOSURE Free write for five minutes using the following question: If you had to choose between joining the Franciscans and the Dominicans, which would you choose, and why?

39. 2. Mendicants and the Flowering of Culture (pp. 192–201) ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT Write a paragraph about the Franciscan ideal of poverty and how it was lived in the early days.

40. 3. Avignon and the Hundred Years War (pp. 202–210) ANTICIPATORY SET Work with a partner to read “St. Joan of Arc’s Impossible Mission” (p. 209), and then write an answer to the following question: How was St. Joan of Arc able to convince the King of France to let her lead a French army?

41. 3. Avignon and the Hundred Years War (pp. 202–210) BASIC QUESTIONS Why did the influence of the papacy diminish and the move toward state churches increase during the fourteenth century? What was the Hundred Years War, and what was St. Joan of Arc’s role therein? KEY IDEAS Beginning at the end of the thirteenth century, a succession of weak Popes and political instability in Italy resulted in the papacy becoming “captive” to the king of France. Popes resided in Avignon for seventy years. The domination of the papacy by French Popes—residing in France, elected by French cardinals, and under the thumb of a French king—caused the English kings and German emperors to see the papacy as a French rather than an international religious office. The ever-appealing idea that the secular ruler should control the Church and her wealth led to a resurgence of the doctrine of Gallicanism in France; English laws set the foundation for a state-controlled Church, and the German emperor harbored antipapal agitators. Hostilities between France and England broke the Truce of God, resulting in the Hundred Years War in which Christian slaughtered Christian; the French finally prevailed thanks to the aid of St. Joan of Arc.

42. 3. Avignon and the Hundred Years War (pp. 202–210) FOCUS QUESTIONS What kind of Pope was St. Celestine V? This 80-year-old man was beloved by the people for his simple, holy life, but he was not competent to run the Church. He resigned within five months. Why did Pope Boniface VIII arrest St. Celestine? Pope Boniface was afraid this abdicated Pope would be used by schismatic groups to oppose him. Was Pope Boniface VIII a successful diplomat? No; he tried unsuccessfully to force the lords and princes of the Christian kingdoms to accept his temporal authority. Why did Pope Boniface VIII carry two swords in procession? He claimed to wield both the spiritual and temporal powers; that is, he was had authority over the Church and over kings.

43. 3. Avignon and the Hundred Years War (pp. 202–210) FOCUS QUESTIONS Where is Avignon? It is a city in southern France on the Rhone River near the Mediterranean Sea. Who was Peter Murrone? He was an 80-year-old hermit who was elected Pope St. Celestine V. Why was St. Celestine V offered the papacy? He was a saintly and beloved hermit, and the papal see had been vacant for two years due to political infighting.

44. 3. Avignon and the Hundred Years War (pp. 202–210) FOCUS QUESTIONS How did the papacy lose its international prestige during the time in Avignon? The kings of other Christian nations saw the Pope as a pawn of the French king. How did the idea develop that individual nations should control the Church? In England laws to this effect were enacted. In Germany the emperor harbored anti-papal agitators to protect himself from French influence over the universal Church; this resurfaced during the Protestant Reformation. How did St. Clement V further weaken the papacy’s authority? He retracted Pope Boniface VIII’s Clericis Laicos, which claimed that kings could not tax the Church without the Pope’s permission, and reinterpreted Unam Sanctam, stripping the document of any claims to temporal authority.

45. 3. Avignon and the Hundred Years War (pp. 202–210) FOCUS QUESTIONS What is Gallicanism? Gallicanism is a movement that arose under King Philip the Fair; it claimed that a king’s authority extends to all ecclesiastical affairs in his realm. What did Pope Boniface VIII hope to accomplish by having written Unam Sanctam? He hoped it would prompt King Philip the Fair to submit to him. Was Pope Boniface VIII successful in controlling King Philip? No; King Philip convened the Estates General, which charged Boniface with crimes and deposed him; he was arrested and died. What was the aftermath of the death of Pope Boniface VIII? Italy fell into near anarchy.

46. 3. Avignon and the Hundred Years War (pp. 202–210) GRAPHIC ORGANIZER Complete the following table according to Unam Sanctam (pp. 204– 205).

47. 3. Avignon and the Hundred Years War (pp. 202–210)

48. 3. Avignon and the Hundred Years War (pp. 202–210) FOCUS QUESTIONS How did the Popes come to reside in Avignon? Pope St. Clement V, who had been a French archbishop, settled in Avignon because of the chaos in Rome. How long was the Avignon papacy? It lasted seventy years. How were the Knights Templar suppressed? Pope St. Clement V permitted an Inquisition of the Knights Templar, and the king had them tortured to obtain false confessions. Many of the Templars were put to death; King Philip seized half their property; and the Pope suppressed the order.

49. 3. Avignon and the Hundred Years War (pp. 202–210) FOCUS QUESTIONS Did the Hundred Years War consist of a century of continuous warfare? No; it was a series of short battles with long periods of peace. What was the Battle of Crecy? In 1346 an outnumbered English army defeated the French knights. What superior weapon was employed by the English at Crecy? The English used the longbow, a new, armor-piercing weapon that could shoot an arrow 400 yards.

50. 3. Avignon and the Hundred Years War (pp. 202–210) FOCUS QUESTIONS Why did many peasants move to cities after the Battle of Crecy, and what was the result? They moved into walled cities for protection. When the plague broke out, they died in great numbers. What kept France from gaining a decisive victory in 1380? A civil war erupted in France and the insane, twelve-year-old Charles VI took the throne. What was the result of the Battle of Agincourt? In 1415 King Henry V of England defeated the French. He declared himself King of France and married the French princess Catherine. He died after only two years, leaving the realm to his infant son. After this, young, incompetent, and partially mad kings ruled France under England’s thumb.