LSS 2503 Types of cultures

1. LSS 2503Types of cultures Relationship orientated cultures

2. LSS 2503 Universalist v Particularist cultures • In the universalist culture, rules, codes of conduct and values are established which can be applied to everybody on any given situation. Example: UK

3. LSS 2503 • In the particularist culture relationships and circumstances in any given situation decide what is right. The spirit of the law is more important than the letter of the law. Example: China

4. LSS 2503 Achievement v Ascription cultures Achievement oriented cultures Individuals get their status from what they have achieved themselves rather than their position in society Examples: Austria, Switzerland, UK

5. LSS 2503 Ascription orientated cultures • People get their status from their position in society and this is linked to family name, connections, wealth, and age. Examples: Indonesia, Venezuela

6. LSS 2503 Affective cultures and Neutral cultures Affective cultures • Openly express their emotions • Use physical gestures • Encourage physical contact • Focus on the person, not their position Example: Italians

7. LSS 2503 Neutral cultures • Do not show emotions • Avoid physical contact • Difficult to read • Try and remain calm • ‘Position’ of a person most important, not the person themselves Example: Japanese

8. LSS 2503 Individualism versus collectivism • Individualism is a culture where the individual is the basis of society: individual rights are valued above the collective rights of a group Example: USA

9. LSS 2503 Individualism versus collectivism • Collectivism is a culture where the ‘group’ is the basis of the society: collective rights of the whole group are more important than individual rights. • Example: The USSR

10. LSS 2503 Specific and diffuse cultures Specific and diffuse cultures measure how far people get involved with public and private places

11. LSS 2503 Specific cultures Individuals are open to sharing their public space but guard carefully their private space. Public and private lives are kept separate as much as possible. Examples: Austria, Switzerland, UK, USA

12. LSS 2503 Diffuse cultures Individuals guard their public and private lives carefully as the two are often closely related. Examples: China, Spain, Venezuela

13. LSS 2503 Time Oriented Cultures Monochronic v Polychronic cultures Monochronic cultures On thing is done at a time in an orderly fashion. There is a time and place for everything and interruptions are not well – received. Example: Germany

14. LSS 2503 Polychronic Cultures Multiple tasks can be done at the same time. A meeting can have an open door with phones ringing at the same time. Interruptions are not a problem. Example: France

15. LSS 2503 • Monochronic cultures • Schedules more important than interpersonal relations • Appointment time inflexible • One task at a time Examples: Germany, Switzerland • Polychronic cultures • Interpersonal relations more important than schedules • Appointment times flexible • Many tasks handled at same time Examples: Latin America, Arab culture

16. LSS 2503 Time oriented cultures • Past • Present • Future

17. LSS 2503 Time oriented cultures • Past oriented societies are concerned with traditional values and ways of doing things. They are slow to change anything with links to the past. Examples: China, the UK and Japan

18. LSS 2503 Time oriented cultures • Present oriented societies prefer to live in the present with short-term benefits. The past has gone and the future is uncertain. Examples can be found in Latin America and some African countries

19. LSS 2503 Time oriented cultures • Future oriented societies believe they can understand and shape the future. They look for long-term benefits. Examples: Brazil, USA

20. LSS 2503 Communication oriented cultures Human interaction can be divided into two communication systems: • Low context • High context

21. LSS 2503 • Low context In low context communication systems intention or meaning is best expressed through clear messages ( spoken or written)

22. LSS 2503 • High context In high context communication systems intention or meaning is best expressed through the context and non-verbal channels such as pauses, silence, and tone of voice.

23. LSS 2503 Low context High context • Individual values v Group values • Self-face concerns v Mutual –face • Linear logic v Spiral logic • Direct style v Indirect style • Person-oriented v Status oriented • Self-enhancement v Self- effacement • Speaker oriented v Listener oriented • Verbal based v Context based