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US History. Unit 6, Week 3. Homework for the Week. Block Day 1/22 & 1/23 Friday 1/24 NO TEST (TEST= NEXT BLOCKDAY) Cornell Notes: 37.1 & 37.2 Finish atom bomb sheets if necessary Add atom bomb (Nuclear Weapon) to vocabulary. Agenda: Blockday 1/22-23.
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US History Unit 6, Week 3
Homework for the Week Block Day 1/22 & 1/23 Friday 1/24 NO TEST (TEST= NEXT BLOCKDAY) Cornell Notes: 37.1 & 37.2 Finish atom bomb sheets if necessary Add atom bomb (Nuclear Weapon) to vocabulary
Agenda: Blockday 1/22-23 Pacific vs. European Theater Russia - US - UK relations Navajo code talkers Begin atom bomb activity
WWII From Space • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I13EjPEoqQ8 • Focus question 1: What differences existed between the Pacific and European theater? (e.g., the enemy, the challenges, style of warfare, strategies implemented, fatality) • Focus question 2: What tells you about the quality of the relationship between Britain & US & Soviet?
Pacific War WW2 space 6/6. 1:10-6:22
Europe or Pacific front? • Fought during winter • 28 million killed (enemy: 11 million) • More civilian casualties • Navy had a minor input • No battles fought in engaged countries’ mainlands • US prisoners were often treated harshly (e.g., slave labor) • Constant political issues (e.g., supply responsibilities, leadership) between different countries • Lasted approx. 4 years
Operation Torch (North Africa) • Watch documentary 4/6. 2:57-5:00
HW Review • Was our invasion strategy more helpful to Britain or Russia? Why?
Uneasy Allies “The only thing worse than having allies is not having them”-Churchill
Uneasy Allies • Each leader had a secret objective • Churchill: reestablish British Empire • Stalin: establish socialist governments in E.Europe then the globe • FDR: destroy totalitarian regimes and raise democracy; US will be the power keeping peace (UN)
Saving the Alliance • FDR and Churchill knew Stalin was a tyrant who had ordered the deaths of thousands of his own citizens. • Stalin was paranoid of Western betrayal BUT Newsreel only showed how the leaders were getting along
Churchill & Stalin When Stalin confessed that the Bolsheviks had murdered large numbers of wealthy landowners while trying to collectivize Soviet farms in the 1930s, Churchill passed no judgment. “We will continue hand in hand like comrades and brothers until every vestige of the Nazi regime has been beaten into the ground.” – Winston Churchill, 1942
Stalin and Roosevelt “It was necessary for the American leadership, the government, the president, to have a sense of realism about the Soviet Union and the public at large, it was not really essential for the public at large to know that. We’ve got to win the war. That’s what counted.” - George Elsey, Naval Intelligence Officer, White House
Navajo Code Talkers • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rSvm3m8ZUA • Not translators, but transmitters • Secret messages of the US forces
HOT ROC- Einstein Quote What does Einstein mean by this? How might this relate to the end of WWII?
Precision vs. Saturation bombing • Precision bombing: air strike to stop (weapon, plane) factories • Saturation/carpet/area bombing: intense, indiscriminate bombing to destroy a city
Manhattan Project: TOP SECRET • Single most important event of the 20th century
Manhattan Project: TOP SECRET • Purpose: develop an atomic weapon for US military - Escaped chemist, engineer, physicists press FDR to solve puzzle before Nazis • $2 billion(today: $26b) • 4 Nuclear weapons
Science of Nuclear Fission • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4IqKdf6In_k
Agenda: Friday 1/24 How should we remember the dropping of the atomic bomb? Historical inquiry
How should we remember the dropping of the atomic bomb? lesson objective: choose two images that will go on a United Nations website commemorating the event Quick review: UN? -> created after WW2 -> protect human rights of men/women of all nations
Two Historical Narratives Hiroshima as Victimization • Japanese still recall the war experience primarily in terms of their own victimization. For them, World War II calls to mind the deaths of family and acquaintances on distant battlefields, and, more vividly, the prolonged, systematic bombings of their cities. • If it is argued that the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima was necessary to shock the Japanese to surrender, how does one justify the hasty bombing of Nagasaki only three days later, before the Japanese had time to investigate Hiroshima and formulate a response?
Hiroshima as Triumph • To most Americans, Hiroshima—the shattered, lit city – remains largely a symbol of triumph, marking the end of a horrendous global conflict and the effective demonstration of a weapon that has prevented another world war. • It is hard to imagine that the Japanese would have surrendered without the atomic bomb. Japanese battle plans that were in place when the bombs were dropped called for a massive, suicidal defense of the home islands, in which the imperial government would mobilize not only several million fighting men but also millions of ordinary citizens who had been trained and indoctrinated to resist to the end with primitive makeshift weapons. For Japanese to even discuss capitulation (surrender) was seditious (against the law).
Pair discussion • Which narrative do you agree with more? Why?
Japanese Experience Experts • As you go through the packet, highlight /underline information and images that supports the “Hiroshima as Victimization” narrative. In other words, Look for information that proves that America was wrong to drop the atomic bomb.
American Experience Experts • As you go through the packet, highlight /underline information and images that supports the “Hiroshima as Triumph” narrative. • In other words, look for information that proves that America was right to drop the atomic bomb.
Invasion of Japan • The invading Allies would suffer between 1.7 and 4 million casualties in such a scenario, of whom between 400,000 and 800,000 would be dead, while Japanese casualties would have been around 5 to 10 million • Considered and trained to use poison gas and biological weapons
PresidentHarry S. Truman noted in his diary that: “This weapon is to be used against Japan between now and August 10th. I have told the Sec. of War, Mr. Stimson, to use it so that military objectives and soldiers and sailors are the target and not women and children. Even if the Japs are savages, ruthless, merciless and fanatic, we as the leader of the world for the common welfare cannot drop that terrible bomb on the old capital [Kyoto] or the new [Tokyo]. He and I are in accord. The target will be a purely military one.”
The Target Committee nominated four targets: Kokura (largest munitions plants); Hiroshima (embarkation port & site of a major military headquarters); Niigata(port with industrial ); and Kyoto (major industrial center). • These cities were largely untouched during the nightly bombing raids and the Army Air Force agreed to leave them off the target list so accurate assessment of the weapon could be made. • Hiroshima is “such a size that a large part of the city could be extensively damaged. There are adjacent hills which are likely to produce a focusing effect which would considerably increase the blast damage. Due to rivers it is not a good incendiary target."
In preparation for dropping an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, US military leaders decided against a demonstration bomb, and against a special leaflet warning, in both cases because of the uncertainty of a successful detonation, and the wish to maximize psychological shock.No warning was given to Hiroshima that a new and much more destructive bomb was going to be dropped.
Hiroshima was a minor supply and logistics base for the Japanese military, but it also had large stockpiles of military supplies. The city was a communications center, a key port for shipping and an assembly area for troops.It was also the second largest city in Japan.
Deaths by the atom bomb • Some 70,000–80,000 people, or some 30% of the population of Hiroshima, were killed by the blast and resultant firestorm, some 20,000 of whom were soldiers (in Nagasaki, 150 soldiers).Over 90% of the doctors and 93% of the nurses in Hiroshima were killed or injured—most had been in the downtown area which received the greatest damage • Half of the deaths in each city occurred on the first day. During the following months, large numbers died from the effect of burns, radiation sickness, and other injuries, compounded by illness. In both cities, most of the dead were civilians
1950 to 2000, 46% of leukemia deaths and 11% of solid cancer deaths among the bomb survivors were due to radiation from the bombs • There was no significant increase in major birth defects, deformities, or other untoward pregnancy outcomes among children of atomic bomb survivors
American response • During the war "annihilationist and exterminationalist rhetoric" was tolerated at all levels of U.S. society; according to the UK embassy in Washington the Americans regarded the Japanese as "a nameless mass of vermin".Caricatures depicting Japanese as less than human, e.g. monkeys, were common.A 1944 opinion poll that asked what should be done with Japan found that 13% of the U.S. public were in favor of "killing off" all Japanese: men, women, and children.
Censorship • Daily Express printed "The Atomic Plague", the first public report to mention the effects of radiation and nuclear fallout.The U.S. censors suppressed a supporting story submitted by George Weller of the Chicago Daily News, and accused Burchett of being under the sway of Japanese propaganda. • The Effects of the Atomic Bombs Against Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The documentary included images from hospitals showing the human effects of the bomb; it showed burned out buildings and cars, and rows of skulls and bones on the ground. It was classified "secret" for the next 22 years
Online Memorial Decision • In your group of 4, exchange evidence for your argument. • Record the other groups’ main points in your sheet
Together, decide which 2 images should be selected to represent the dropping of the atomic bomb on a United Nations website. • Complete the Online Memorial Decision sheet afterselecting the images.
