2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

1. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

2. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system Essential questions • What are the functions of the respiratory system? • What are some disorders of the respiratory system? • How are disorders of the respiratory system treated? • What is the importance of the respiratory system as it relates to immunity? • How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the respiratory system?

3. Functions of the Respiratory System Upper Respiratory System • Nose • Sinuses • Pharynx • Epiglottis • Larynx Lower Respiratory System • Trachea • Lungs

4. Discuss the Functions of the Upper Respiratory System Structures • Nose • Sinuses • Pharynx • Epiglottis • Larynx • Trachea

5. Discuss the Functions of the Lower Respiratory System Structures Trachea • Bronchi • Bronchial tubes • Bronchioles • Alveoli Lungs • Pleura • Mediastinum • Diaphragm

6. External respiration =  the bodily process of inhalation and exhalation; the process of taking in oxygen from inhaled air and releasing carbon dioxide by exhalation Internal respiration =  process that takes place in the cells and tissues during which energy is released and carbon dioxide is produced and absorbed by the blood to be transported to the lungs Breathing Exhalation Inhalation

7. 1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration How many times does a normal adult breath per minute? Breathing Calculate your respirations

8. The rate and depth of human respiration is controlled by many different factors. Some are under conscious control; others aren't. In fact, our respiratory system is unique among organ systems in that while it’s generally under the control of the autonomic nervous system--which regulates respiration without us needing to think about it--we can also exert control over our breathing.

9. Neural Factors The medulla oblongata is part of the brain. It controls autonomic functions, including respiration and blood pressure. Damage to the medulla oblongata can be fatal. The patient will be unable to breathe without assistance. The phrenic nerve originates in the neck and passes down between the lung and heart to reach the diaphragm. It is important for breathing. It passes motor information to the diaphragm and receives sensory information from it. There are two phrenic nerves, a left and a right one. Control of breathing

10. Chemical Factors Oxygen the body doesn't seem as sensitive to blood oxygen as it does to concentrations of other chemicals. Oxygen concentration of the blood is monitored by small sensory organs called aortic bodies, and low oxygen concentration causes respiration rate to increase. There is no respiratory response to high oxygen concentrations. Control of breathing by

11. Carbon Dioxide • Carbon dioxide is the chemical that most significantly affects respiration rate. • Parts of the brain and the aortic bodies jointly sense carbon dioxide, and either lower or higher than normal concentrations of the compound elicit a response. • Too much carbon dioxide increases respiration rate, because each breath pulls in oxygen and exhales carbon dioxide. Too little carbon dioxide causes apnea, or a temporary cessation of breathing.

12. Respiratory Movements Compare respiratory movements. • Coughing • Hiccups • Sneezing • Yawning Why do they occur?

13. Types of breathing • Apnea • Dyspnea • Eupnea • Hyperpnea • Orthopnea • Tachypnea • Hyperventilation

14. Lung capacity and volume • The volume of air which you normally breathe in and out is called the tidal volume • However if you breathe in as much as you can - you can breathe in more than 500 cm3. The extra volume of air breathed in (inspiration) is called the inspiratory reserve volume or IRV • Similarly when you breathe out as much as you can, the extra volume of air breathed out (expiration) is called the expiratory reserve volume or ERV

15. Lung capacity and volume • Vital Lung Capacity is the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation. It is equal to the inspiratory reserve volume plus the tidal volume plus the expiratory reserve volume.

16. Residual volume =The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effort. • Expiratory Reserve Volume = The maximal volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after normal expiration.Functional residual capacity =The functional residual capacity is equal to the residual volume + the expiratory reserve volume.

17. Lung capacity and volume • Total lung capacity • Tidal volume • Inspiratory reserve • Expiratory reserve • Residual air Sample

18. Asthma What is asthma? Who most likely has it? Respiratory disorders

19. Asthma • a disorder that causes the airways of the lungs to swell and narrow, leading to wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. • the muscles surrounding the airways become tight and the lining of the air passages swells. This reduces the amount of air that can pass by.

20. Symptoms include: • Cough • Pulling in of the skin between the ribs when breathing • Shortness of breath that gets worse with exercise or activity • Wheezing, • Treatment • Control airway swelling • Stay away from substances that trigger your symptoms  • Medicines to decrease swelling

21. Bronchitis What is bronchitis? Acute = lasting from one to three weeks Chronic = chronic lasting at least 3 months of the year for two years in a row Respiratory disorders

22. Bronchitis • Bronchitis is a respiratory disease in which the mucus membrane in the lungs bronchial passages becomes inflamed • As the irritated membrane swells and grows thicker, it narrows or shuts off the tiny airways in the lungs, resulting in coughing spells that may be accompanied by phlegm and breathlessness.

23. Acute bronchitis is generally caused by lung infections, 90% of which are viral in origin. • Chronic bronchitis is most frequently seen in people who smoke.

24. Respiratory disorders • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder What is COPD and what is the leading cause?

25. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most common lung diseases. There are two main forms of COPD: • Chronic bronchitis, which involves a long-term cough with mucus • Emphysema, which involves destruction of the lungs over time • Most people with COPD have a combination of both conditions.

26. COMMON COLD What is it? What causes it? Hand-washing – best preventative measure Respiratory disorders How long should you wash your hands?

27. Common Cold • It is called the “common cold” for good reason. There are over one billion colds in the United States each year. You will probably have more colds than any other type of illness. • A cold virus spreads through tiny, air droplets that are released when the sick person sneezes, coughs, or blows their nose.

28. Symptoms • Cold symptoms usually start about 2 or 3 days after you came in contact with the virus, although it could take up to a week. Symptoms mostly affect the nose. • Get plenty of rest and drink plenty of fluids. • COLD MEDICINES • Antibiotics are not used to treat a cold!

29. Emphysema What is emphysema? Who is most likely to have it? How is it treated? Respiratory disorders

30. Emphysema type of COPD involving damage to the alveoli. • air sacs of the lung become abnormally enlarged and fill easily with air during inspiration but they lose their ability to empty the lung through the small airways during exhalation.  • The most common cause is cigarette smoking. Treatments include inhalers, oxygen, medications and sometimes surgery to relieve symptoms and prevent complications.

31. Respiratory disorders • Influenza Is a flu shot beneficial? Why or why not?

32. Influenza • Influenza, commonly called "the flu," is an illness caused by viruses that infect the respiratory tract of many animals, birds, and humans. • In most people, the infection results in the person getting fever, cough, headache, and malaise (tired, no energy); some people also may develop a sore throat, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The majority of individuals have symptoms for about one to two weeks and then recovers with no problems.

33. Can I get seasonal flu even though I got a flu vaccine this year? • Influenza is a serious disease that can lead to hospitalization and even death. Even healthy people can get very sick from the flu and spread it to others. The flu season in the United States begins in early October and last until May. • Yes. The ability of flu vaccine to protect a person depends on two things: 1) the age and health status of the person getting vaccinated, and 2) the similarity or “match” between the virus strains in the vaccine and those circulating in the community. 

34. Flu vaccine facts • There are two types of fluvaccines, the injection and nasal spray vaccines. • The vaccine is generally effective against the influenza virus within two weeks of administration. • Each year, the influenza virus can change slightly, making the vaccine used in previous years ineffective.

35. Respiratory disorders • Pneumonia

36. What is pneumonia? • Pneumonia is a lung infection that can make you very sick. You may cough, run a fever, and have a hard time breathing. For most people, pneumonia can be treated at home. It often clears up in 2 to 3 weeks. But older adults, babies, and people with other diseases can become very ill. They may need to be in the hospital

37. Germs called bacteria or viruses usually cause pneumonia. • Pneumonia usually starts when you breathe the germs into your lungs. • You may be more likely to get the disease after having a cold or the flu.

38. What are the symptoms? • Symptoms of pneumonia caused by bacteria usually come on quickly. • Cough. You will likely cough up mucus from your lungs. • Fever. • Fast breathing and feeling short of breath. "teeth-chattering" chills. • Chest pain that often feels worse when you cough or breathe in. • Fast heartbeat. • Feeling very tired or feeling very weak. • Nausea and vomiting. • Diarrhea.

39. Respiratory disorders What can cause a pneumothorax? • Pneumothorax

40. Pneumothorax • A collapsed lung, or pneumothorax, is the collection of air in the space around the lungs. This buildup of air puts pressure on the lung, so it cannot expand as much as it normally does when you take a breath.

41. Causes, incidence, and risk factors • A collapsed lung occurs when air escapes from the lung and fills up the space outside of the lung, inside the chest. It may be caused by a gunshot or knife wound to the chest, rib fracture, or certain medical procedures. • In some cases, a collapsed lung occurs without any cause. This is called a spontaneous pneumothorax. • Tall, thin people and smokers are more likely to have a collapsed lung.

42. Symptoms • Sharp chest pain, made worse by a deep breath or a cough • Shortness of breath • A larger pneumothorax will cause more severe symptoms, including: • Bluish color of the skin caused by lack of oxygen • Chest tightness • Easy fatigue • Rapid heart rate 

43. Treatment • A small pneumothorax may go away on its own. You may only need oxygen and rest. • The HCP may use a needle to pull the extra air out from around the lung so it can expand more fully. • If you have a large pneumothorax, a chest tube will be placed between the ribs into the space around the lungs to help drain the air and allow the lung to re-expand.

44. Respiratory disorders • Sinusitis

45. Sinusitis • Sinusitis is inflammation of the sinuses that occurs with an infection from a virus, bacteria, or fungus.

46. Causes, incidence, and risk factors • Healthy sinuses contain no bacteria or other germs. Usually, mucus is able to drain out and air is able to circulate. • When the sinus openings become blocked or too much mucus builds up, bacteria and other germs can grow more easily.

47. Symptoms • The symptoms usually follow a cold that does not improve. • Bad breath or loss of smell • Cough, often worse at night • Fatigue and generally not feeling well • Fever • Headache -- pressure-like pain, pain behind the eyes, toothache, or tenderness of the face • Nasal stuffiness and discharge

48. Treatment • Avoid extremes in temperature • Antibiotics if a bacterial infection • Fever reducers • Inhalation of steam

49. Respiratory disorders What type of standard precautions should be followed? • Tuberculosis 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

50. Tuberculosis • Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection that involves the lungs, but may spread to other organs. • TB is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). You can get TB by breathing in air droplets from a cough or sneeze of an infected person.