Roman Catholicism

1. Roman Catholicism By:

2. Roman Catholicism traces its history to the apostles • Especially St. Peter (considered the first pope; every pope since him is regarded as his spiritual successor. ) • conversion of Emperor Constantine in 318 AD, as a result, the church began to adopt a governmental structure mirroring that of the Empire Founders Portrait of St. Peter; considered to be the first Pope.

3. Then • Started as only branch of Christianity • Became a major religion when Emperor Constantine established it as the official religion of the Ottoman Empire Now • Now the most common form of Christianity • Popular in Southern Europe, Africa, Latin America, and Certain parts of Asia. Brought lots of places by early European exploration and colonialism. UNIVERSALIZING OR ETHNIC RELIGION? • Universalizing religion • The biggest sect of Christianity • Practiced by people all around the world • Replaced peoples ethnic religion around the globe. Where Roman Catholicism began

4. Hearth and Diffusion Map Constantinople is considered to be the hearth of Roman Catholicism Diffusion of Roman Catholicism

5. Members of Catholicism worldwide About 1billion people worldwide

6. Apostles: Peter, James, and John who went on to spread Jesus’s teachings to the world. • In the Vatican, which is sort of their central location, the Pope is housed, who is the figure head of the Roman Catholic religion. • St. Peter was the first Pope of the Roman Catholic church. • There is also the Older and Younger Prophets (deviated by the old and new testaments). Prophets

7. Believe authority is hierarchical, that the older figures hold the power • The only the way to forgive your sins in this religion is through baptism and confession to the priest, who then relays this message to God. In order to totally wash away this sin or wrong doing, you must repent. • They also believe that when Mary conceived Jesus Christ, she was without sin. Most will say she is below Jesus, but above the saints. • The church must be the tallest building. • Do not believe in abortion or death row • Communion to represent the distribution of Jesus’s blood and body • Believe in the state of life after death in which the body and soul are cleansed before entering Heaven (or hell) Major beliefs

8. Treatment of the body: at the funeral home or during the funeral the body is viewed • Funeral/Memorial services: may occur up to one week after death; includes a vigil and prayer • Interment: the official burial service • Mourning period: members of the grieving party stay home for one week before returning to their regular schedules • Believe that those who follow God shall be rewarded in the after- life; those who don’t are punished • Conversion of Constantine in the 4th century banned cremation(belief that destruction of the body would end the chances of reaching salvation)= burials only • Cremation was allowed again in the 19th century • Catacombs were used when Christianity was illegal- hid the bodies of the followers • Cemeteries are the most common form of burial ground Funeral Practices and After-life beliefs

9. Religious Architecture and symbols Altar represents where the sacrifice of Jesus Christ is received. (Schenectady, New York) Constantine ordered churches to be built very ornate. Churches in North America are usually not as decorated 12-14th century Roman Catholic Churches had floor plans in the shape of a cross to represent Christ’s crucifixion.

10. Basilicas were modeled after Roman Basilicas; public assembly buildings Semicircular apses were either at the west or east sides of the church. The priest stood here to give the sermon.

11. Vatican City • Home to the Pope • Separate nation-state • Surrounded by Rome, Italy Religious and Sacred Areas • Jerusalem • Constantine ordered a Christian Church built in the city • Believed to be the location of Christ’s crucifixion • Sanctuaries built on the tombs of the 12 Apostles (Basilicas) • Bethlehem • Believed to be the birth place of Jesus

12. Bishop, Mark. "Cremation? Not for Catholics." cmri.org. CMRI, 2011. Web. 31 Oct 2011. <http://cmri.org/03-cremation_not_for_caths.html>. "Roman Catholic Funeral Traditions." thefamilyplot.worldpress.com. World Press, 22 June 2010. Web. 1 Nov 2011. <http://thefamilyplot.wordpress.com/category/religious-traditions/>. http://www.world-religion.org/map/Catholicism_By_Country_Numbers.php http://www.answerbag.com/q_view/32363 http://christianity.about.com/od/denominations/a/catholicdenom_2.htm www.religionfacts.com Rubenstein, James. An Introduction to Human Geography. 9. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2008. 202. Print. Works Cited

13. Judaism By: Casey, Shelby, and Tianna

14. Founders of Judaism • Abraham is the main founder, 400 years ago. • Some people though believe Moses in the 1400 BC was the founder because they claim Abraham was the direct ancestor of present day Jews, whereas Moses developed the actual religion.

15. Where did Judaism start and where is it currently practiced? • Judaism started in the Eastern Mediterranean, Israel mostly. • Then most of the Jewish people migrated to Europe. Others migrated to North Africa and Asia. • 6 million Jews live in the United States, 5 million in Israel, 2 million in Europe, and 1 million each in Asia and Latin America.

16. Is Judaism Ethnic or Universalizing? • Judaism is an Ethnic religion because whoever is a Jewish person was born one. Unlike Christianity, which allows a person to switch or become a Christain, Judaism is a religion that is passed down by ansestors.

17. How many people are Jewish? • 13-14 million people practice Judaism in the world. • To be exact; 13,362,900 people

18. Major prophets • Rabbi- A teacher of Judaism In the Tora: - Joshua -Samuel -Ezekiel -Hosea

19. Major Beliefs Dietary: • Kosher diet -can’t eat meat and dairy together -can’t eat anything with hoofs • Kosher diets are yearound Other: • 13 principles of faith • passover

20. 13 Principals of Faith • God exists • God is one and unique • God is incorporeal • God is eternal • Prayer is to be directed to God alone and to no other • The words of the prophets are true • Moses’ prophecies are true, and Moses was the greatest of the prophets • The Written Torah and Oral Torah were given to Moses • There will be no other Torah • God knows the thoughts and deeds of men • God will reward the good and punish the wicked • The Messiah will come • The dead will be resurrected

21. Judaism’s Believes on death • Judaism believes that death is not the end of human life. But, because Judaism is mainly focused on life here and now rather than on the afterlife, Judaism does not have much belief about the afterlife, and it leaves a lot of different opinions.

22. Funeral/burial practices • Eyes are closed; body laid of floor; candles lit around their body • Body is never left alone until after burial(sign of respect); the people who sit with the body is called a shoerim • Autopsies are discouraged

23. Beliefs of the afterlife • Go to a place similar to the Christian Heaven • Reincarnated through many lifetimes • Wait for the coming of the Messiah • Tormented by demons of their own creation and destroyed at death(ceasing to exist)

24. Religious Architecture/Symbols Architecture/Symbols 1. 19th century synagogue in Budapest, Hungry 2. Great synagogue built in 1874 in Florence, Italy 3. Inside of a sanctuary, restored in 2006, at West Hartford, CT. 4. This is the Star of David. In Judaism it is sometimes called the Magen David, which means the "shield of David" in Hebrew. It doesn’t have any religious meaning in Judaism but it is one of the symbols most connected with the Judaism. 5. This is the menorah . It is described in the Bible as the seven-branched candle holder made of gold and used in the portable sanctuary set up by Moses in the wilderness and later in the Temple in Jerusalem.

25. Sacred Spaces of Judaism • Sacred spaces are spaces that are set aside for a purpose that is not irreligious. • The KodeshHakodashim was the inner sanctuary of the Tabernacle in the time of Moses as described in the Torah. • The Cave of the Patriarchs, in Hebron, is the second holiest site in Judaism.

26. THE END!

27. Islam By: David McMillan & Jawann Lawson

28. Founder • The founder of Islam is Muhammad born in Mecca 570-632. • Received his revelation from God through the Angel Gabriel. Muhammad spread the truth he received from God. • Established Islam as the religion of Mecca.

29. Hearth & Where is currently mainly practiced • Mecca is seen as the hearth of Islam as that is where Muhammad was orphaned. • The place with the biggest Muslim population 202,867,000 followers as of 2009.

30. Ethnic or Universalizing? • Islam is a universalizing religion, as it has a precise place of origin, based on the life of a man. It is practiced around the world and people are not born into it.

31. Number of followers worldwide • Islam is second largest religion, second only to Christianity, with a following of about 1.5 billion.

32. Major Prophets/Teachers • Muhammad- Founder of Islam • Isma'il (Ishmael)- Abraham’s son • Ishaq (Isaac)- Abraham’s son • Khadija- Muhammad’s wife encouraged him to accept the vision he received from God.

33. Major Beliefs • The major beliefs of Islam can be summed up in the Five Pillars. 1: There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is His Prophet 2: Prayer five times a day. 3:The Giving of Alms. 4: Fasting during Ramadan 5: Making the pilgrimage to Mecca • Islam's also have strict dietary laws. • They can not consume : Alcohol, Pork, & the meat of Carnivorous animals (except ones that live in the sea) • Zabiha principles say that the animal being butchered for meat must be separated from its flock, so they can not see the butchering, they must be butchered in the neck with a sharp knife, and a short prayer must be read before the butchering.

34. Religious Architecture/Symbols Info. On Pictures Pictures 1) The Grand Mosque in Mecca is the most sacred place in the world. 2) Muslims gather for worship in buildings called mosques (Arabic, masajid). 3)This is a mosque in Medina, Mecca 4) The star and crescent is the best-known symbol used to represent Islam. It shows prominently on the flags of many countries in the Islamic world. 5) "Allah" in Arabic 2 1 4 3 5

35. Funereal/Burial Practices • When a Muslim is near death others are called upon to comfort them. • Forbidden to excessively cry, wail, moan. • Strive to bury as soon as possible after death • The body is washed with scented water then wrapped in a white cloth • Deceased transported to site for funereal prayers. • Only men accompany body to gravesite. It is preferred that the body is buried in same country as it died. • Alcohol, pork, blood forbidden

36. Sacred Spaces • Holiest City: Makkah(Mecca), birthplace of Muhammad contains al-ka’ba. • al-Haram mosque contains well of Zamzam, • 2nd Holiest city: Madinah where Muhammad got first followers.

37. Hinduism BintouSillah & Catherine Lamb

38. Founder : There is not an actual founder of Hinduism because it is a way of life. But, Hinduism is taught by the teaching of the Vedas. The Vedas are believed to be created by god, and the Vedas would be in “god form.” So sometimes, people believe that god is the founder, but they are wrong. • Began in Ancient India over 30500 years ago • Mainly practiced in India and Nepal • It is an ethic religion, and not universalizing because Hinduism isn’t spread all over the globe, and religions aren’t converting over to Hinduism. Also, because Hinduism is linked to a place. And, because India is home to most Hindus, it isn’t spread out and balanced across the globe. • Some consider it polytheism, some monotheism • As of mid-2010, 1.5 million Hindu members exist worldwide. Hindu Temple of Atlanta – Atlanta, GA

39. This map is showing the hearth of Hinduism and how it is spreading over the globe.

40. This map shows the distributions of Hindus. As you can see India and Nepal are the most populated Hindu areas.

41. Major Beliefs: • All life is divine and sacred, non-violence, so killing any animal is a sin (meat isn’t restricted, but many avoid for karma). • Brahman is the principle source of the universe. • All life and all gods have come from Brahman • Karma& reincarnation • Reincarnation until all karma has been accounted for, then enlightenment The Mandir – London, England, UK

42. Major Prophets/ teachers • The Vedas are humans that were believed to be the reincarnation of god. They are the main teachers of Hinduism. There are 4 main Vedas. The Rig Veda The Yajur Veda The Sama Veda The Atharva Veda Each type of Veda has it’s own variety of beliefs. But they all link back and become “the Vedas.” BAPS SwaminarayanAkshardham – New Delhi, India The Durban –Durban, South Africa

43. Temple Architecture • There’s a great variety of Hindu temples. They are mostly different in the northern and southern. 6 parts of a Hindu Temple: • The Dome and Steeple: The steeple of the dome is called shikhara(summit) that represents the mythological ‘Meru’ or the highest mountain peak. The steeple is often in the form of the trident of Shiva. • The Inner Chamber: The inner chamber of the temple called garbhagrihais where the image or idol of the deity is placed • 3. The Temple Hall: Most large temples have a hall meant for the audience to sit. AKA nata-mandirawhere women dancers or devadasisused to perform dance rituals. Devotees use the hall to sit, meditate, pray, chant or watch the priests perform the rituals. The hall is usually decorated with paintings of gods and goddesses. • 4. The Front Porch: This area of the temples usually has a big metallic bell that hangs from the ceiling. Devotees entering and leaving the porch ring this bell to declare their arrival and departure. • 5. The Reservoir: If the temple is not in the vicinity of a natural water body, a reservoir of fresh water is built on the temple premises. • 6. The Walkway: Most temples have a walkway around the walls of the inner chamber for people to walk around the deity as a mark of respect to the temples god or goddess.

44. After-Life Beliefs Reincarnation is believed by the Hindus. This is coming back to be something else on earth for another life. The major goal of Hindu’s is to not rebirth ad die, rebirth and die, and so on. It is actually Nirvana. Nirvana is to be liberated or free. They also follow the Caste System, which is a social division based on family and occupation. The lowest to the highest levels in the caste system are: 1. “Harijans” (Untouchables) 2. Sudras (unskilled workers) 3. Vaisyas (skilled traders, merchants, minor officials) 4. Kshatriyas (warriors, rulers) 5. Brahmins (Priests) Also in this religion, people get creamated. First, their body is washed in the Ganges River, and then burned with a slow fire. Angkor Wat– Angkor, Cambodia

45. Varanasi (Banaras or Kashi), India is one of the most holiest cities and tirthas , and also one of the oldest cities in the world. It’s on the left bank of the Ganges River and every devout Hindu will make a visit once in their lifetime. Important because it is believed that Lord Shiva & Parvati were there when time first started ticking, and it touches the Ganges. Many Hindu characters were said to have lived there also. People in Varanasi boating on the Ganges. Water is important in Hinduism because its life-sustaining properties and its use in rituals. The Ganges River is personified as a goddess, Ganga, and Hindus believe that bathing in it will wash away all their sins and end the reincarnation process, leading straight to enlightenment. *tirtha – place of pilgrimage

46. By Sajal Patel and Rachael Mockalis Buddhism

47. Founders of Buddhism • Buddha is the founder of Buddhism. • It’s said that the night he was conceived, his mother had a dream that showed a white elephant with six white tusks entered her right side. • It was predicted at birth that he would become either a great king or a great holy man by many Brahmin scholars. • Only one predicted that he’d become a Buddha. • He was shielded from the troubles of humanity and provided everything he could possibly want or need. He lived as a prince. • When he was about 29 he went to meet his subjects he encountered people who where old, sick, and dead. He strived to overcome these by becoming an ascetic. • He left his life of wealth and fortune for a life as a mendicant (a beggar with no possessions) accompanied only by his horse, Kanthaka, and his head charioteer, Channa. • He discovered “The Middle Way” and achieved enlightenment. He went on to discover the Four Noble Truths

48. Hearth • Its hearth is the place called Bodh Gaya, in Northern India. These maps show how it spread and where it’s practiced today.

49. Ethnic or Universalizing Religions? • Universalizing, • It talks about obtaining peace in one’s mind

50. Followers Worldwide • There are about 360 million Buddhists worldwide, about 6% of the Earth’s population.