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Embedded Systems - Introduction

Embedded Systems - Introduction. System Definition A way of working, organizing or performing one or many tasks according to a fixed set of rules, program or plan. System Definition An arrangement in which all units assemble and work together according to a program or plan.

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Embedded Systems - Introduction

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  1. Embedded Systems - Introduction www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  2. System Definition A way of working, organizing or performing one or many tasks according to a fixed set of rules, program or plan. www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  3. System Definition An arrangement in which all units assemble and work together according to a program or plan. www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  4. Examples of Systems Time display system – A watch Automatic cloth washing system – A washing machine www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  5. Embedded System Definition: 1. “An embedded system is a system that has software embedded into computer-hardware, which makes a system dedicated for an application (s) or specific part of an application or product or part of a larger system.” www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  6. Contd.. 2. “An embedded system is one that has a dedicated purpose software embedded in a computer hardware.” www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  7. Contd.. 3. “It is any device that includes programmable computer but is not itself intended to be a general purpose computer.” – Wayne Wolf, Ref: 61 www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  8. 4. “Embedded Systems are the electronic systems that contain a microprocessor or a microcontroller, but we do not think of them as computers– the computer is hidden or embedded in the system.” – Todd D. Morton, Ref: 38 www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  9. www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  10. Let’s consider a Computer • A computer is a system that has the following or more components. • A microprocessor • A large memory comprising the following • two kinds: • (a) Primary memory (semiconductor • memories - RAM, ROM and fast accessible • caches) www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  11. Contd.. • Computer • (b) Secondary memory [(magnetic memory • located in hard disks, diskettes and cartridge • tapes, optical memory in CD-ROM or • memory stick (in mobile computer)] using • which different user programs can load into • the primary memory and can be run. • I/Ounits such as touch screen, modem, fax • cum modem etc. www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  12. Contd.. • Inputunits such as keyboard, mouse, digitizer, scanner, etc. • Outputunits like LCD screen, video monitor, printer, etc. • Networking units like Ethernet card, front-end processor-based server, bus drivers, etc. www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  13. Contd.. • Operating system (OS). • General purpose userinterfaces and applicationsoftware, mostly in secondary memory www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  14. Three main embedded components in an Embedded System • Embeds hardware to give computer like functionalities. • 2.Embeds main application software generally into flash or ROM and the application software performs concurrently the number of tasks. www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  15. 3. Embeds a real time operating system ( RTOS), which supervises the application software tasks running on the hardware and organizes the accesses to system resources according to priorities and timing constraints of tasks in the system. www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  16. Real Time Operating System(RTOS) An RTOS is an OS for response time controlled and event controlled processes. Software for a large number of small-scale embedded systems use no RTOS and these functions are incorporated into the application software. www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  17. Enables execution of concurrent processes or threads or tasks • Provides a mechanism to let the processor run each process as per scheduling and to do context-switch between the various processes (threads or tasks) www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  18. RTOS sets the rules during execution • RTOS is necessary for large-scale embedded systems. It is essential when • I/O management with devices, files and mail-boxes becomes simple using a RTOS. • scheduling of multiple processes and devices www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  19. RTOS v/s General Purpose OS Determinism    Task Scheduling   Preemptive kernel 4.   Priority Inversion 5. Usage www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  20. Sophisticated Embedded System Characteristics (1) Dedicated functions (2) Dedicated complex algorithms (3)Dedicated (GUIs) and other user interfaces for the application www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  21. (4) Real time operations— Defines the ways in which the system works, reacts to the events and interrupts, schedules the system functioning in real time and executes by following a plan to control the latencies and to meet the deadlines. www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  22. Contd.. (5) Multi-rate operations -Different operations may take place at distinct rates. For example, the audio, video, network data or stream and events have the different rates and time constraints to finish associated processes.. www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  23. Constraints of an Embedded System Design • Available system-memory • Available processor speed • Limited power dissipation when running the system continuously in cycles of the system start, wait for event, wake-up and run, sleep and stop. www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  24. Performance • power • size • non-recurring design cost, and manufacturing costs www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  25. PROCESSOR IN EMBEDDEDSYSTEM • Processor is the heart of embedded system • Processor has two essential units: • Control Unit(CU) • Execution Unit(EU) www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  26. Program Flow and data path (CU) Control Unit—includes a fetch unit for fetching instructions from the memory. www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  27. Execution Unit (EU) —includes circuits for arithmetic and logical unit (ALU), and for instructions for a program control task, say, data transfer instructions, halt, interrupt, or jump to another set of instructions or call to another routine or sleep or reset. www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  28. A Processor is in the form of an IC or it could be in core form in an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) or System on Chip (SoC). An embedded processor chip or core can be one of the following: www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  29. General Purpose Processor (GPP) : instruction set designed not specific to the applications. example: Microprocessor www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  30. A Microprocessor is a single VLSI chip that has a CPU and has some other units such as caches, pipelining and super scaling units. • is an essential part of a computing system. • Intel 80x86 family, ARM, 68HCxxx family. www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  31. 2. Application Specific Instruction-set Processor (ASIP): is a processor with instruction set designed for specific applications on a VLSI chip. Examples: micro controller embedded micro controller DSP and media processor Network processor IO processor or domain-specific programmable processor www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  32. A Microcontroller is an integrated chip (IC) that has a processor, memory and several other hardware units in it such as timers, watchdog timer, interrupt controller, ADC or PWM . • is an essential component of a control or communication circuit. • 8051, 8051 MX, 68HC11xx, PIC18 www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  33. Various functional circuits in a microcontroller chip: www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  34. Commonly used exemplary microcontrollers in small scale embedded Systems www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  35. www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  36. www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  37. 3. Single Purpose Processors or additional processors: • Examples: • Coprocessors: used for graphic processing, floating point processing, encrypting, deciphering, discrete cosine transformation and inverse transformation on TCP/IP protocol stacking and networking connecting functions. www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  38. Accelerator: Java codes accelerator • Controllers: for peripherals, direct memory access and buses www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  39. 4. GPP or ASIP cores integrated into either an ASIC or VLSI circuit or a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) core integrated with processor units in a VLSI chip. 5. Application Specific system Processor (ASSP) 6.Multi core processors or multi processors. www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  40. www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  41. www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  42. Power source • A power supply source or charge pump is essential in every system. • The systems which do not have power supply of their own are powered by the use of charge pumps or they connect to external power supply. Embedded hardware units and Devices in a system www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  43. 2. Clock Oscillator circuit and Clocking units: • the clock controls the time for executing an instruction. • also controls the various clocking requirements of CPU, of system timers, CPU machine cycles. • A processor needs a clock oscillator circuit to establish a reference frequency used for timing purposes. www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  44. 3. System timers and Real-Time Clock(RTC): • to schedule the various tasks and for real time programming , an RTC or system clock is needed. • A timer circuit is configured as system clock , which ticks and generates interrupts periodically. www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  45. 4. Reset circuit , Power-up Reset and Watchdog timer Reset : • Reset circuit can change the Program Counter (PC) to a power-up default value. • A program that is reset and runs on a power-up can be one of the following: • i) system program that executes from the beginning. • ii) A system boot-up program • iii) A system initialization program www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  46. Reset: Processor begins the processing of instructions from a starting address. The reset circuit can be activated by any one of the following: software instruction time-out by a programmable timer known as watchdog timer. a clock monitor detecting a slow down below certain frequencies. www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  47. Watchdog Timer: A timing device that resets the system after a predefined timeout. Helps in rescuing the system if a fault develops. www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  48. Memory: a. Functions Assigned to the ROM or EPROM or Flash 1. Storing 'Application' program from where the processor fetches the instruction codes. 2. Storing codes for system booting, initializing, Initial input data and Strings. www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

  49. 3. Storing Codes for RTOS. 4. Storing Pointers (addresses) of various service routines. www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers | RESULTS |NEWS | FORUM

  50. b. Functions Assigned to the Internal, External and Buffer RAM: • Storing the variables during program run, • Storing the stacks, • Storing input or output buffers for example, • for speech or image . www.Bookspar.com | Website for Students | VTU - Notes - Question Papers

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