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The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002. 基因調控器官發育 AND 程序性細胞死亡 組員 : 巫柏霖 張圍策 楊佩穎 林家榆 郭彥廷 林函融 梁詠慈. Sydney Brenner H. Robert Horvitz John E. Sulston 如何發現 Apoptosis? 實驗內容. 線蟲實驗. 線蟲成蟲有 959 個細胞 成長的過程中有 131 個細胞發生 Apoptosis 發生時間 : 約 1Hr. 線蟲細胞凋亡模型. 細胞凋亡 (Apoptosis).

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The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002

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  1. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002 基因調控器官發育 AND 程序性細胞死亡 組員: 巫柏霖 張圍策 楊佩穎 林家榆 郭彥廷 林函融 梁詠慈

  2. Sydney BrennerH. Robert Horvitz John E. Sulston • 如何發現Apoptosis? • 實驗內容

  3. 線蟲實驗 • 線蟲成蟲有959個細胞 成長的過程中有131個細胞發生Apoptosis • 發生時間: 約1Hr

  4. 線蟲細胞凋亡模型

  5. 細胞凋亡(Apoptosis) • Apoptosis的簡介 • Apoptosis的分類 • 與細胞壞死(Necrosis)的比較 • Apoptosis的作用機制

  6. Apoptosis Normal

  7. Apoptosis的簡介 • 細胞自己計畫性的死亡 細胞凋亡是多细胞生物在發育過程中,一種由基因控制的主動的細胞生理性自殺行為。

  8. Apoptosis 和Necrosis的比較

  9. Necrosis Apoptosis 1.性質 病理性 生理性/病理性 2.誘導因素 強烈刺激, 較弱刺激, 隨機發生 非隨機發生 3.形態變化 細胞結構全面胞膜及細胞器 溶解破壞、相對完整 細胞腫脹. 細胞皺縮 4.凋亡小體 無 有 5.基因調控無 有

  10. Apoptosis的分類 • 細胞自戕性程式死亡(apoptotic cell death program) • 非細胞自戕性程式死亡(nonapoptotic cell death program)  不同點:apoptotic cell death program 有DNA斷裂的出現

  11. Apoptosis的作用機制 可分為: • Initiation phase(前期) • The Death Receptor-Initiated Pathway • The Mitochondrial Pathway 2. Execution phase(後期)

  12. The Death Receptor-Initiated Pathway • 細胞膜上有apoptotic signals receptor • Tumour necrosis factor(TNF)分為: • CD95(or fas) • TNFR1(TNF receptor-1) • TRAIL(TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand)

  13. CD95

  14. TNFR1(TNF receptor-1)

  15. Bcl-2 Family • 抑制Apoptosis的Bcl-2: bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, Bcl-w, adenovirus E1B 19K, EBV BHRF1, Ced-9 • 促進Apoptosis的Bcl-2: Bax, Bak, Nbk/Bik1, Bad, Bcl-xS

  16. The Mitochondrial Pathway 促進性Bcl-2 family 粒線體膜被激活 Cytocrome C and Pro-apoptotic protein Caspases or Apoptosome

  17. The Mitochondrial Pathway

  18. Execution phase(後期) Inactive Capases Active Capases Caspases cascade 啟動apoptosis機制

  19. Apoptosis啟動作用 • 細胞核外: • 切割細胞內蛋白質&細胞骨架(Zeiosis) • 細胞核內: • 使參與DNA修復的蛋白質失活 (PRAP) • 使參與DNA複製的蛋白質失活(DNA topoisomerase II) • 分解結構性核蛋白 • 將DNA分解成片斷

  20. 分解結構性核蛋白 Caspases 6 Lamins(一種核內蛋白)被降解 染色質濃縮和核膜被分解

  21. Apotosis在細胞核內-切割DNA • CAD(Caspase-activated Dnase): 將DNA切成較大的片段(50~300 kb) • Ca2+/Mg2+-dependent nucleases : 將大片段切成小碎片(180~200 bp) 作用流程圖

  22. 細胞核內的DNA切割作用流程圖 Caspases ICAD CAD (Caspase-activated Dnase) DNA大片段 Ca2+ and Mg2+ dependent endonucleases DNA小碎片

  23. 典型凋亡細胞DNA電泳(呈現梯狀條带)

  24. Apoptosis 作用機制

  25. Caspase 3

  26. Apoptosis 的作用結果 • 細胞凋亡不足:腫瘤,自身免疫病(Ex:AIDS) • 細胞凋亡過度:心肌缺血,心力衰竭,神經元 退行性疾病,病毒感染 • 平滑肌細胞增殖(凋亡不足)與內皮細胞凋亡(過度):動脈粥樣硬化

  27. 細胞死亡 Apoptosis Necrosis Apoptosis Nonapoptosis Initiation Death recepter mitochondria intrinsic pathway pathway Execution

  28. 參考資料 • Raffaella Depala, Luigi Nappi, Giuseppe Loverro, Stefano Bettocchi, Maria Lucia Caruso, Anna Maria Valentini, Luigi Selvaggi (2003) Evidence of apoptosis in human primordial and primary follicles. Human Reproduction, 18, 2678-2682 • D.N. Modi, S. Sane, D. Bhartiya (2003) Accelerated germ cell apoptosis in sex chromosome aneuploid fetal human gonads. Molecular Human Reproduction, 9, 219-225 • Mahmoud R. Hussein (2005) Apoptosis in the ovary: molecular mechanisms. Human Reproduction Update, 11, 162-178 • http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/Apoptosis.html • http://202.43.196.230/language/translatedPage?lp=en_zt&.intl=tw&tt=url&text=http%3a%2f%2fwww.sghms.ac.uk%2fdepts%2fimmunology%2f%257Edash%2fapoptosis%2finduction.html • http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/Apoptosis.html • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis • Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, edited by Kumar, Abbas and Fausto—7th ed(2004), p.26-p.32 • www2.zzu.edu.cn/jcyxy/bingsheng/zhaomy/pathophy-kejian/8-%B5%F2%CD%F6.ppt

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