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A Flawed Peace

A Flawed Peace. Section 4 Pages 760-763. The Fourteen Points. January 8, 1918 Peace proposal Encourage Allies and Central Powers to end the war Did not want a punitive peace Wilson did not consult the Allies Some points were contrary to secret agreements made among the Allies.

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A Flawed Peace

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  1. A Flawed Peace • Section 4 • Pages 760-763

  2. The Fourteen Points • January 8, 1918 • Peace proposal • Encourage Allies and Central Powers to end the war • Did not want a punitive peace • Wilson did not consult the Allies • Some points were contrary to secret agreements made among the Allies President Woodrow Wilson

  3. The Fourteen Points • 8 Points dealt with territorial matters • Open, rather than secret, diplomacy • Freedom of the seas • General disarmament • Removal of trade barriers • Impartial settlement of colonial claims • The establishment of a League of Nations

  4. Woodrow Wilson • Presbyterian minister, President of Princeton University • President of the United States (1913-1921)

  5. Guiding Spirit Redraw boundaries of Eastern Europe along ethnic lines BUT…minority problems became greater

  6. Failure at Home • The Republican Congress was not in agreement with the peace negotiated under Wilson, particularly with the League of Nations and collective security aspects. • A separate peace was negotiated between the United States and Germany. • Wilson was awarded the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize, and heralded in Europe as a savior of peace.

  7. Germany: Treaty of Versaillessigned June 28, 1919 • Pay huge reparations • Lost major territory • Military restrictions • Article 231(accept sole guilt) • Excluded from League of Nations *signed under protest

  8. New Nations • Finland • Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania • Poland • Czechoslovakia • Yugoslavia

  9. Map 1919 Europe

  10. The Balkans prior to WWI • Greece gained Bulgaria’s Aegean Coast • Serbia & Romania doubled in size

  11. The Balkans in 1925 • Romania & Serbia were big winners of territory

  12. Treaty of Brest-LitovskMarch 3, 1918 • Bolsheviks signed a separate peace with Germany • Germany now free to shift troops to the Western Front • The Allies refused to accept the treaty as legitimate Signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

  13. Germany’s Desperate Situation • Russia out of the war, but fresh American troops on the Western Front • Austria-Hungary and Turkey almost knocked out of the war • Food shortages in Germany • Numerous strikes in major cities • 500,000 workers on strike in Berlin (January) • Increasing inflation • The Ludendorff Offensive (March-July, 1918) • November 11, 1918 – armistice signed

  14. Armistice • This photograph was taken after reaching an agreement for the armistice that ended World War I. The location is in the forest of Compiègne. Foch is second from the right. • Hitler later ordered that the rail car where this agreement was made be burned.

  15. “The Peace to end all peace” • Germans bitter & broken • Imperialism continued • USA did not ratify treaty • Japan, Italy unhappy w/their share • Sows seeds for WWII

  16. League of Nations • USA refused to be part of League of Nations… • Wilson lost Congressional backers • League had little power to settle disputes • Asians/Africans upset at being governed by a mandate

  17. Aftermath of War • 8.5 million soldiers died • 21 million wounded • Countless civilians – disease, starvation, slaughter • $338 billion cost

  18. Society shaken to foundations • Communism & civil war in Russia • Political & economic chaos in Germany led to rise of Hitler • British & French empires crumble/ treasuries drained • USA refused world leadership

  19. Consequences of World War I • Four empires destroyed • German Empire • Austro-Hungarian Empire • Ottoman Empire • Russian Empire • Economic devastation • Projection of the U.S. into world affairs • Russian Revolution and the rise of the Soviet Union • Rise of Mussolini & Fascism in Italy • Rise of Hitler and Nazism in Germany

  20. Influenza Epidemic • In the spring of 1918, the Spanish flu hit England and India. By fall, it had spread through Europe, Russia, Asia, and to the United States. • 12 million died in India. • 1500 people died in Berlin in one day. • 20 million died worldwide.

  21. Treaty of Versailles • The peace treaty signed by Germany and the Allied powers after World War I.

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