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Digital Radiography

Digital Radiography. Basic Concepts. Image Quality Concepts Spatial Resolution (limiting resolution) Noise: Quantum Mottle Nature of the Digital Image Spatial Digitization Analog-to-Digital Conversion Digital Radiography Factors Spatial Digitization and Resolution ADC and Noise

Angelica
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Digital Radiography

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  1. DigitalRadiography

  2. Basic Concepts • Image Quality Concepts • Spatial Resolution (limiting resolution) • Noise: Quantum Mottle • Nature of the Digital Image • Spatial Digitization • Analog-to-Digital Conversion • Digital Radiography Factors • Spatial Digitization and Resolution • ADC and Noise • ADC and Dynamic Range

  3. Basic Concepts: Limiting Resolution • Limiting Resolution (simplest form):refers to the smallest, closely spaced objects for which separate images can be seen • Measurement and Units: Bar pattern

  4. Basic Concepts: Limiting Resolution • Limiting Resolution (simplest form): • Sources Blurring in radiography: • Focal spot (all types of radiography) • Motion (all types of radiography) • Receptor blur - depends on receptor • Measurement and Units: Bar pattern Measured using bar pattern (lead strips separated by spaces) and expressed as smallest visible bar size or highest spatial frequency (line-pairs/mm)

  5. Radiography Image Receptor Blur

  6. Dual Receptors (Screens)

  7. Noise and Image Quality

  8. Image Noise: Quantum mottle • Quantum mottle (QM) refers to the “graininess” of x-ray images • QM is caused by using a limited number of x-ray photons to make an image • QM interferes with ability to details • Using more photons (more mAs) reduces noise but increases radiation exposure

  9. The Nature of the Digital Image • Basic Concepts: Resolution and Noise • The Digitization Process • Spatial Digitization • Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC) • Radiation Dose, Noise and Resolution • Resolution versus Dose: receptor thickness • Dose versus Image Noise (Quantum mottle) • Dynamic Range

  10. The Digitization Process • Every “image” starts out in analog form: • “light” image emitted by screen • “light” image from intensifier output phosphor • TV camera voltages • Stimulated light from computed radiography • Analog “image” must be converted (digitized) to matrix of pixels stored as binary numbers • Spatial digitization: generation of pixels • Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC)

  11. Spatial Digitization (pixels): Sampling • Must “measure” image along many rows (512, 1024, etc) and at many point along each row • Sampling done by: • detector with discrete “elements” (eg, CCD camera, flat panel detector) or • Raster scan process

  12. Matrix Size, Resolution and Bytes • Regular Film/Screen: 5 line-pairs/mm • To “Equal” with Digital Image: • 5 lp/mm = 10 pixels/mm (to see 5 bars+5 spaces) • 35 x 43 cm (14 x 17”) image = 350 x 430 mm • 350 x 430 mm at 10 pixels/mm = 3500 x 4300 pixels • 3500 x 4300 x 2 bytes/pixel (16 bits/pixel) = 30 MB • Digital Radiography • Typically 2000 x 2500 pixels maximum (~3 lp/mm)

  13. Digital Spatial Resolution

  14. Spatial Digizitation: ADC

  15. ADC and Noise: How many bits?

  16. Contrast vs Latitude (Dyamic Range)

  17. ADC and Dynamic Range • Suppose we have: • 10 bit ADC: (1024 graylevels) • 1000:1 dynamic range (e.g. we can measure and record exposures from 1 mR to 1000 mR (1 R): • Need 1 mR difference for different graylevel • Differences between structures to see in image may be < 1 mR in x-ray intensity reaching the receptor • Alternatives: • “throw out” some dynamic range (limit range) • Increase number of bits (still uncommon)

  18. Digital Detectors • Cassette-based: Image Storage Phosphor (CR) • Image Intensifier • Scanned Projection • Direct Digitizing (Full Field) • CCD Camera • Selenium Flat Panel (“Direct” Digital Radiography) • Phosphor Flat Panel (“Indirect” Digital Radiography) • Future Technology

  19. Digital Detectors • Cassette based Image Storage Phosphor (CR) • Image Intensifier • Scanned Projection • Direct Digitizing (Full Field) • CCD Camera • Selenium Flat Panel (“Direct” Digital Radiography) • Phosphor Flat Panel (“Indirect” Digital Radiography) • Future Technology

  20. CR Clinical Use

  21. Conventional CR Scanning

  22. Flying Spot CR Scan In a conventional flying spot CR reader, stimulated output exposure (scan level) from the IP is proportional to the laser intensity I and dwell time Td

  23. Absorption Efficiency

  24. CR Blur

  25. Dynamic Range (Latitude) • Dynamic Range, or latitude refers the range of exposures which provide useful diagnostic information. For film, is the the range of exposures that provide acceptable optical densities (ie, not too dark and not too light)

  26. Dynamic Range

  27. Dynamic Range (Latitude) CR vs Film • Dynamic Range (latitude): range of exposures providing useful diagnostic information • Regular F/S:16:1 (between 0.5 and 2.5 OD) (exposure yielding 2.5 OD is 16x exposure yielding 0.5 OD) • CR:>10,000:1 (between minimum and maximum measurable scan levels)

  28. CR and “Film Density” 4 x E 1/8 x E

  29. Radiation Dose with DR • How much is enough ? • Image Noise (Quantum mottle) • required image quality • How much is too much? • Patient radiation exposure concerns • possible saturation of parts of image (all black)

  30. Noise and Proper Exposure LevelsLgM=1.10 LgM=2.1

  31. 0.1 Exposure Correct Exposure

  32. FUTURE CR TECHNOLOGY • New phosphors and scan head technology • Dual Energy

  33. “Flat Panel” CR Receptor Devices

  34. Dual Energy Imaging

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