1. Energy Resources

2. Renewable Resources Resources that are naturally replenished or regenerated over a short time span – it is renewed on a human time scale i.e. Trees, biofuels (?) Nonrenewable Resources Resources that are consumed faster than they can be replenished, it is not renewed on a human time scale i.e. fossil fuels, aluminum, etc. Renewable vs. Nonrenewable

3. Sources of Energy

4. Sources of Energy • Nonrenewable sources • Petroleum (38%) • Coal (22%) • Natural Gas (25%) • Nuclear (8%) • Renewable sources • Hydroelectric (4%) • Solar • Wind • Tidal • Geothermal • Biofuels

5. Trends in Energy Usage

6. Coal • Organic materials that have escaped oxidation in the carbon cycle. • Plant material that is rapidly buried

7. Coal Ranking & Formation Rank – amount (%) of carbon (C) in coal , heat content • Peat (pre coal) – soft brown mass of compressed, largely non-decomposed plant material, ~50% C • Lignite – decomposed peat that has been compressed, ~70% C • Bituminous coal – burial increases the pressure and temperature on the lignite and causes a conversion, ~80-90% C • Anthracite coal – complete metamorphism, >93% C

8. World-wide distribution of coal

9. U.S. Coal Reserves

10. Illinois Coal Reserves

11. Hydrocarbons • Composed of hydrogen and carbon linked together in chains and rings • Natural Gas – simple organic molecules • Crude Oil – complex chains and rings

12. 0mm 1mm What is the source of oil? • Plankton!

13. Hydrocarbon Formation • Water borne plankton escape oxidation/decomposition before burial • Plankton is deposited in mud (shale) – Source Rock • Source rock is overlain by more sediment – increasing the pressure (P) & temperature (T) on the source rock • Increase in P & T, breaks down organic debris • Oil forms at 50oC • Methane (natural gas) at 100oC • Hydrocarbons migrates upwards (lower density than water) to a reservoir rock (high porosity, high permeability rock) • Migration is stopped by either an impermeable rock or a structural trap

14. “Oil Window” • Generation of oil requires a specific temperature range 80 – 160 Co (If above this temperature oil will “burn away”) • Higher temperatures breakdown oil molecules – generate natural gas • Exist in the top most 15-20% of the crust

15. Reservoir Rock • Porosity – amount of open (void) space in a rock, ability of a rock to store a fluid • Permeability – interconnectedness of the void space, ability of rock to transmit a fluid • Reservoir rock – high porosity, high permeability • Cap (seal) rock – low porosity, low permeability

17. Structural Traps • 4 common types • Anticline Trap • Salt Dome • Fault Trap • Angular Unconformity Trap

18. Distribution of Oil and Gas • Found in rocks less than 500 million years old • 85% of oil and gas occur in less than 5% of producing fields • Generally, near Tectonic belts, active in the past 60-70 million years

19. Daily Assignment • Create a concept map that incorporates the following: Oil Coal Plant Material Plankton Folds Faults Sandstone Shale Labels the pathways-transition between the components appropriately Additional items may be included if you feel they help understand the concepts.

20. Nuclear Power - Uranium • Uranium (U) – used for nuclear power • Has a Minimum Concentration Factor > 1000 • Source Rock – Igneous • U is leached (dissolved) into groundwater • Deposit Types • Sandstones that have been enriched with U minerals (groundwater enrichment) • U-bearing minerals in rock fractures • Placer Deposits

21. Geothermal Energy • Temperature increases with depth ~ 3oC/ 100 m • Geothermal energy concentrated where magma is near the surface • Circulation of groundwater allows water to heat up • Hot groundwater drives turbines