1. Planning for Space Exploration

2. Program Schedule Discovery& New Frontiers Mission Schedules Mission NEAR Lunar Prospector MAY NOT KEEP Stardust Genesis CONTOUR Deep Impact 2011 MESSENGER FB Earth Dawn Kepler 2011 ASPERA-3 New Horizons Launch SRR PDR FB Jupiter CDR Juno 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

3. COSTS

4. Technology Readiness Levels • TRL 1 Basic principles observed and reported • TRL 2 Technology concept and/or application formulated • TRL 3 Analytical and experimental critical function and/or characteristic proof-of-concept • TRL 4 Component and/or breadboard validation in laboratory environment • TRL 5 Component and/or breadboard validation in relevant environment • TRL 6 System/subsystem model or prototype demonstration in a relevant environment (ground or space) • TRL 7 System prototype demonstration in a space environment • TRL 8 Actual system completed and “flight qualified” through test and demonstration (ground or space) • TRL 9 Actual system “flight proven” through successful mission operations

5. TRL Example for In-Space Propulsion Technology Program NASA Implementation: (Deep Space One Ion Engine Example) System Test, Launch & Operations TRL 9 TRL 8 TRL 7 TRL 6 TRL 5 TRL 4 TRL 3 TRL 2 TRL 1 System/Subsystem Development Aerocapture Solar Sails Solar Electric Propulsion Technology Demonstration In-Space Propulsion Technologies Adv. Chemical Tethers Technology Development Research to Prove Feasibility Low-TRL Technologies For the Future Not Within ISP Scope Basic Technology Research External Pulsed Plasma Fusion & Antimatter Beamed Energy