View Spoken Word: Made in America

1. View Spoken Word: Made in America

2. Today: • Survey • Assimilation • Legal and Illegal immigration • Solutions

3. Assimilation American sociologist Robert E. Park’s traditional assimilation theory states assimilation occurs after 3 generations. .

4. According to the traditional assimilation model,assimilation occurs after 3 generations. • 1st: struggles to learn the new way of their new country and holds on to many aspects of their culture. • 2nd:attend public schools, learn English better than their parents, may move out of ethnically grouped neighborhoods and marry someone outside of their race. Yet, still seen as outsiders and may consider themselves outsiders as well. • 3rd: grandchildren of immigrants will move completely into the mainstream of American life. May learn a few words of their grandparent’s language, know a few recipes, or proverbs, but will speak mostly English, and questions regarding their nationality will seldom arise.

5. According to the traditional assimilation model,assimilation occurs after 3 generations. • 1st: struggles to learn the new way • 2nd:learn English better than their parents, may move out of ethnically grouped neighborhoods and marry someone outside of their race. Still seen as outsiders • 3rd: move completely into the mainstream of American life. In your opinion or personal experiences has this been true?

6. Criticism of traditional assimilation model 1. Ignores age of entry:those sometimes called 1.5 generation-children who arrive in the U.S. with their parents: technically 1st generation but depending on their ages, their experiences may be similar to 2nd generation immigrants. 2. Ignore race: Does not accurately describe the experiences of non-European groups in America. 3. Ignores choice: Voluntary versus involuntary entrance (slavery) are factors that effect the likelihood of immigrants following the 3 generation process of assimilation.

7. Criticism of traditional assimilation model 4. Ignores how group size, concentrations, and time of entry also effect assimilation. 5. Another factor affecting the rate of assimilation of a minority group in the U.S. is the similarity between the culture of minority and culture of the majority.

8. Milton Gordon’s Contemporary Views on Assimilation • Milton Gordon presented a more specific analysis of assimilation. • Gordon described 7 different sub processes of assimilation

9. Milton Gordon’s Contemporary Views on Assimilation 1. Cultural (practices and traditions) 2. Structural (educational, occupational, residential, and recreational spheres of society) 3. Marital (acceptable partners) 4. Identificational (the group you identify with) 5. Attitudinal (prejudice) 6. Behavioral (discrimination) 7. Civic (political power, representation in politics) assimilation. • Gordon’s stages differ from Park’s because a group may assimilate completely without going through all stages, and they do not have a specific order • Both Park and Gordon agree however that assimilation is inevitable.

10. Melting Pot vs. Salad Bowl

11. Horace Kallen’s Cultural Pluralism Allows for those whose appearances are clearly not Anglo to still be considered as completely assimilated. • Based on the idea that the members of minority groups should be accepted as completely Americanized and assimilated without being required to disappear as distinctive groups. • Majority’s culture is added to the minority’s culture rather than substituted for the minority’s culture.

12. Melting Pot vs. Salad BowlWhich do you feel is a more accurate description of how assimilation occurs in the United States?

13. Where are most legal immigrants from?

14. Where are most immigrants from?

15. What parts of the U.S. do most immigrants settle in? And why? Illinois New York New Jersey California Florida Texas

16. Push and Pull factors of Immigration into the US

17. Terms Immigrant does not = illegal immigrant Illegal immigrants also called Undocumented workers/students “Latino/a” or country of origin is preferred over “Hispanic”

18. Discrimination in U.S. History RAILROADS Chinese immigrants made up 90% of workers on U.S. railroads in mid to late 1800’s. However white workers did not allow Chinese immigrants to be in the photo marking the completion of the railroad to the West Coast CAMPS: After Japan attacked Pear Harbor in 1941: President Franklin Roosevelt ordered that everyone who was one-eighth Japanese or more be confined in detention centers called “internment camps” with no trials, no crime charge

19. History of Racism in Immigration Law Chinese Exclusion Act 1882: excluded Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States for 10 years Immigration Act of 1921: Motivated by fears of growing immigration from southern and eastern Europe, following World War I, the Warren Harding Administration passed this highly restrictive act that established an immigration quota for each nationality. National Origins Act 1924: further restricted Southern Europeans as well as East Asians and Indians During the Senator Joseph McCarthy era in the 1950s, legislation was passed to eject suspected Communists from the country. (usinfo.state.gov)

20. History of Racism in Immigration Law The race of immigrants was particularly important during times of national crisis Great Depression: Mexicans and Mexican Americans faced mass deportation justified by national economic problems as well as labor arguments very similar to those used against Chinese immigrants earlier in history. Post World War II: 1954 "Operation Wetback," under President Eisenhower a speculated 1 million Mexicans were deported along with their U.S. born children in response to labor competition

21. 1996 attempted reform

22. Effects of Post 9/11 Security Measures USA Patriot Act of 2001: put immigration under the control of the newly created Department of Homeland Security (Kimer, 2005) 2003, Men and boys from Pakistan and Saudi Arabia who were in the United States as legal immigrants had to voluntarily register for the controversial National Security Entry-Exit Registration System or face deportation.

23. Mid-term reflection purpose • Let you know the grade you are earning in the course • Find out what your future goals are • Wake-up call if you are unhappy with your grade • Tell you exactly what you can be doing to maintain or improve your grade • Use this for other classes you are in • Use this beyond El Camino College

24. Survey

25. ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION Be Respectful Allow others to finish their comment Do not make side comments View CNN Latino in America

27. Proposed Solutions (1) Stop unauthorized immigrants at the border. (2) Prevent employers from hiring undocumented immigrants. (3) Withhold government services from unauthorized immigrants. (4) Grant workers a path to gain citizenship or work permits (residency). (5) Give police the authority and responsibility to identify illegal immigrants

28. Proposed Solutions Stop unauthorized immigrants at the border. This would entail further increasing Border Patrol (2)Prevent employers from hiring undocumented immigrants. This would entail stiffening punishments on employers, particularly repeat offenders. Some current policies being proposed urge the creation of a fraud-resistant federal identity card for every person legally in the United States or a database listing all eligible workers. Opponents argue that punishing employers would hurt business and start making employers reluctant to hire minorities.

29. Proposed Solutions (3)Withhold government services from unauthorized immigrants. This would entail passing laws requiring public schools, hospitals, and welfare offices to require proof of citizenship or legal residency before permitting persons to use non-emergency public services. Supporters believe that this would relieve taxpayers from paying for services for undocumented immigrants. Opponents argue that this would do nothing to stop illegal immigration, that it would send children into the streets and leave dangerous diseases undiagnosed

30. Proposed Solutions (4)Grant workers a path to gain citizenship Undocumented workers already in the United States would be given a work permit after showing that they have no criminal record and after a period of years, they would be given the opportunity to get permanent resident status and eventually citizenship. Supporters say that these people have entered illegally mainly because our immigration system is broken. They argue that these workers should get a chance to earn citizenship. Opponents argue that granting an amnesty has been tried before and only encourages more illegal immigration.

31. Proposed Solutions • (5)Give police the authority and responsibility to identify illegal immigrantsPHOENIX — Gov. Jan Brewer of Arizona signed SB 1070 Friday April 23rd, 2010 • Its aim is to identify, prosecute, and deport illegal immigrants. • requires the police to (when practical) detain anyone they reasonably suspect of being in the country illegally and verify their status with federal officials • Makes the failure to carry immigration documents a crime (misdemeanor) • Allows people to sue gov or agencies if they feel the law in not being enforced View Jan Brewer’s Statement View President Obama on Immigration

32. Which solution do you think is best or worst? Why? (1)Stop unauthorized immigrants at the border. (2) Prevent employers from hiring undocumented immigrants. (3) Withhold government services from unauthorized immigrants. (4) Grant workers a path to gain citizenship or work permits. (5) Give police the authority and responsibility to identify illegal immigrants Discuss in groups of 4-5

33. Exploitation of Legal Immigrants • The H-1B visa program, allowed U.S. employers to hire skilled foreign workers on a temporary basis, enabled the recruitment of thousands of IT professionals, many from India • The compulsion to remain employed and legal drives H-1B employees to accept exploitative work conditions, such as: • wage cuts • deduction of commissions from hourly wages • lack of benefits • frequent relocations

34. (ICE= United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement)

35. Next week: No class, Spring Break April 18th Gender, read Ch 9

36. Immigration Law Post 9/11 Changes in security after 9/11 brought immigration reform to an abrupt stop The Patriot Act : Expanded the government’s ability to detain and deport suspected terrorists, and tripled the number of U.S. Border Patrol (Hines, 2005) During the last several years, in response to 9/11, the government deported more than 13 thousand Muslims, often on petty charges rather than criminal charges (Lee, 2005)

37. Effects of Post 9/11 Security Measures on Muslim ImmigrantsRacial Profiling “Mistreating teenage boys and their fathers because of nothing other than the people to which they belong — be they Black citizens or brown visitors — creates deep wounds that even time may have a hard time healing. The INS must apply immigration laws fairly…and the administration must recommit itself to ending racial profiling…Moving beyond racial discrimination is one of the surest ways to make our country safer.” -Ben Jealous

38. Immigration Post 9/11Racial Profiling During the first months after 9/11, even before the passage of the Patriot Act, immigration and FBI officials arrested approximately 1,200 Arab and Muslim immigrants Of these, 762 were charged with immigration violations, yet not under the provisions of the deportation law The government argued that the arrests involved related to the 9/11 attacks, yet only four people were indicted and two convicted for criminal terrorism (James, 2003)

39. Jim Crow Thomas “Daddy” Rice, a white minstrel show performer of the 19th century, was famous for blackening his face with makeup and dancing a crazy jig while singing the song “Jump Jim Crow.” Twenty years later, in the 1850s, the Jim Crow character had become a standard figure in U.S. minstrel shows. Jim Crow was one of many terms and iconic images that inferred black inferiority in the popular culture of the time. By the end of the century, instances of racial discrimination toward blacks were often referred to as Jim Crow practices. In the period from 1890 to 1910, aided by crucial Supreme Court decisions, Southern states began to systematically create laws that ensured a subordinate social position for African Americans. Blacks and whites were separated in all public places, and black men were prevented from exercising their right to vote. The signs we associate today with Jim Crow – “Whites Only,” “Colored”– appeared at water fountains and rest rooms, as well as at the entrances and exits to public buildings. Jim Crow remained the law of the South for decades.

40. Discussed Immigration Issues History of Racism in Immigration Law Current racial profiling of legal immigrants post 9/11 Differing views and proposed solutions regarding illegal immigration Exploitation of immigrants

41. Effects of Post 9/11 Security Measures • Because the 9/11 terrorists had entered the U.S. with visas: • All males between the ages of sixteen and forty-five from designated Arab and Muslim countries who were in the U.S. with visas were required to register annually and answer questions under oath at the Department of Homeland Security offices. • Failure to comply with these rules could result in deportation. • In addition, "special registrants" had to notify the government of their departure from the U.S. and could only leave through designated airports.

42. Timeline of significant U.S. Immigration Laws • Texas Proviso 1952: makes harboring an illegal entrant a felony, but does not punish those who employ them. • Immigration Act of 1965: abolished the national origins quota system. • Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986: made it illegal for employers to knowingly hire illegal immigrants. • Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996: authorized more Border Patrol agents and a triple fence along the San Diego border, • USA Patriot Act of 2001: put immigration under the control of the newly created Department of Homeland Security (Kimer, 2005) • Real ID Act May 2005: prohibits undocumented immigrants from holding a driver’s licenses • Bill 4427 December 2005: Made remaining in the U.S. as an undocumented immigrant a federal felony (en.wikpedia.org) Source: NACLA Report on the Americas; Jul/Aug2005, Vol. 39 Issue 1, p34-35, 2p

43. Exploitation of illegal immigrants-safety and health “A year after falling out of a tree when I was picking apples, I still suffer from chronic pain and have trouble walking. I may never be able to work again, because I cannot find work that does not require physical labor. It is not right that all workers who suffer injuries on the job – such as I have – are not treated equally. It is not right that I am now unable to provide for my family because of discrimination under the law.” - Leopoldo Z, farm worker “It is a catch-22 when employers can knowingly hire undocumented workers and then, once they are injured, require them to submit proof of status or they are subject to termination of benefits.” -James Monaghan, Attorney