The Cold War

1. The Cold War Soon after the end of World War II, problems between the West and the Soviet Union. Soviets: strip Germany of all industrial plant—ship to USSR Stalin in 1946: Communism and capitalism are incompatible; another war is inevitable.

2. The Cold War Soviets created satellite nations (dependent on the Soviet Union (USSR) in: Poland Czechoslovakia Hungary Albania Romania Bulgaria

3. The Cold War February 1945—Yalta Conference (in Soviet Union) Churchill Roosevelt Stalin Agreed to form the United Nations, Soviet Union would enter war against Japan, and division of Europe into zones after the war.

4. The Cold War June 1945, United Nations created. U.S. joins USSR & 48 other nations. San Francisco; later New York General Assembly and 11- member Security Council. 5 Permanent Security Council members: U.S., USSR, Great Britain, France, Nationalist China. Each had veto power.

5. World War II--Pacific July 1945, Truman, Stalin, and Churchill (later Clement Attlee) meet at Potsdam, near Berlin, Germany Truman informs other Big 3 members about bomb and they design post- war Germany

6. The Cold War China erupts into major civil war in 1949 Communists under Mao-Zedong Defeat U. S.-backed Nationalists under Chiang Kai-Shek (Jiang Jieshi)

7. The Cold War The Nationalists flee China and establish a government on the island of Formosa (now Taiwan)

8. The Cold War U. S. President Harry Truman: Policy of Containment Winston Churchill: Fulton, MO, March 1946: “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent (of Europe).”

9. The Cold War First sites of Truman’s Policy of Containment: Greece and Turkey

10. The Cold War The Truman Doctrine: “The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by ‘armed minorities’ or ‘outside pressures.’” U. S. sent $400 million in aid to Greece & Turkey, 1947-1950, because they rejected Communism.

11. The Cold War Dean Acheson and George Kennan: the Domino Theory If one nation fell to Communism, surrounding nations would fall

12. The Cold War The Marshall Plan Truman names General George C. Marshall as Secretary of State 1947: The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. This move“is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.” $12.5 billion

13. The Cold War National Security Act of 1947 • Created the Department of • Defense • Created the U. S. Air Force • Created the National Security Council • Created the Joint Chiefs of Staff • Created the Central Intelligence • Agency

14. The Cold War Soviet British U. S. French February 1945 , Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill meet at Yalta. The 3 leaders agree to divide Germany and Berlin into occupation zones.

15. The Cold War Berlin is also divided 4-ways. The victorious powers agree to specific corridors from the west to Berlin

16. The Cold War

17. The Cold War The first major activity of the Cold War was the Berlin Blockade in April 1948.

18. The Cold War General Lucius D. Clay solves with the Berlin Airlift

19. The Cold War North Atlantic Treaty--1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)-- a military organization to meet any attack on any NATO country Soviets respond 1955 with Warsaw Pact

20. The Postwar Boom The Army and Navy discharged millions of people within a few months of the end of World War II To help care for returning service people, Congress had passed the G. I. Bill of Rights in 1944

21. The Postwar Boom The G. I. Bill Guaranteed a year’s unemployment benefits while discharged G.I.s looked for work. Provided money for education Provided low-interest, federally guaranteed loans for houses, businesses and farms

22. The Postwar Boom Returning service people also began to rebuild lives High divorce rate in the late 1940s Expanding women’s roles Many men had changed Many other families moved to the suburbs The war had caused the economy to recover; people began to again buy luxury goods

23. The Postwar Boom The Fair Deal 21-point domestic program Expanded Social Security benefits Increased minimum wage $ .40 to $ .65/hr Full employment through federal spending Republicans win control of Congress in 1946 Reduce government spending and chip away at New Deal reforms Turned down most of Fair Deal

24. The Postwar Boom Labor-Management Relations Act of 1947 (The Taft-Hartley Act) Anti-union initiative by conservatives Closed shop illegal Union shop (must join a union after hiring) allowed but permitted states to pass “Right to Work” laws that could prohibit union shops Unions outraged: Slave Labor Law

25. The Postwar Boom The Election of 1948 Harry S. Truman Became president 1945 Honorable, direct, down-to-earth, self- confident “The Buck Stops Here” Decisive—accepted full responsibility for actions

26. The Postwar Boom 1947: Brooklyn Dodgers, general manager Branch Rickey hires Jackie Robinson as the first African- American major league baseball player

27. The Election of 1948 The Postwar Boom Truman supported civil rights for minorities Asked Congress to take action: Anti-lynching laws Elimination of poll taxes Commission to assure fairness in hiring Congress refused

28. The Election of 1948 The Postwar Boom July 1948: Executive Order integrating the armed forces Also ended discrimination in the hiring of government employees First president to effectively deal with race relations

29. The Election of 1948 The Postwar Boom Truman is nominated by Democrats, but there is a huge split in the Democratic Party Southern Democrats, or “Dixiecrats,” who want to protect the Southern way of life, nominate former Democrat, Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina

30. The Election of 1948 The Postwar Boom Former liberal Democrats form a new Progressive Party and nominate former FDR Vice President Henry Wallace for President Major split in the Democratic Party similar to split in Republican Party in 1912

31. The Election of 1948 The Postwar Boom Republicans nominate popular New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey Dewey huge lead in the polls but Truman conducts aggressive “whistle stop” campaign

32. The Postwar Boom • Domestic Successes • Congress raised minimum • wage from $.40 to $.75 • 2. Expansion of Social Security • System benefits by 75% Passed national Housing Act of 1949: 810,000 low-income housing units and long-term rent subsidies

33. The Korean War--1950-1953 After World War II, Allies divide Korea in two at the 38th Parallel—Soviet Union north; U. S. south. Syngman Rhee: Leader of South

34. The Korean War--1950-1953 North Korean leader: Kim Il-Sung June 25, 1950, North Korean troops, using Soviet weapons and equipment invade South Korea North Koreans tear through the South Korean forces; take the South Korean capital of Seoul in 2 days.

35. The Korean War--1950-1953 Syngman Rhee appeals to the United Nations for help. President Truman agrees to send U. S. troops Eventually 16 nations send troops in the first U. N. military action in history; but most are from U.S.

36. The Korean War--1950-1953 Supreme Allied Commander: General Douglas MacArthur First troops in are U. S. troops from Japan under LTC Brad Smith

37. The Korean War--1950-1953 Early August 1950, U.N. forces forced back into a perimeter in the southeast corner of South Korea. Pusan Taegu ThePusanPerimeter.

38. The Korean War--1950-1953 Seoul 15 Sept. 1950 X Corps: Marines & Army land at Inchon. X Corps takes Seoul. Inchon Pusan Taegu Same time, 8th Army breaks out of Pusan Perimeter. 26 Sep links w/ X Corps.

39. The Korean War--1950-1953 Thousands of N.K. troops are trapped in the south and caught or killed. Yalu River Seoul is retaken. Truman grants General MacArthur permission to advance into N.K.

40. The Korean War--1950-1953 Yalu River 19 October: Pyongyang, the North Korean capital, is taken. 1 November, U. S. troops within 60 miles of Yalu River, the border between N.K. and China (Manchuria) 25 November: China enters war.

41. The Korean War--1950-1953 U.N. troops retreat. Bloody fighting at the Chosin Reservoir U.N. troops retreat to South Korea; Chinese troops re- take Seoul Jan. 4, 1951

42. The Korean War--1950-1953 Truman next refuses MacArthur’s request to attack China, using atomic bombs. Meanwhile, the U. S. 8th Army, under General Matthew B. Ridgway counterattacks, re-takes Seoul and drives the Chinese & North Koreans north of 38th Parallel

43. The Korean War--1950-1953 After re-taking Seoul, MacArthur urges full-scale war against China. Truman refuses; MacArthur vents his concerns with media April 11, 1951, Truman fires MacArthur; gives U.N. Commander-in-Chief position to Ridgway.

44. The Korean War--1950-1953 July 1951, truce talks begin while fighting continues. Thousands of casualties during peace talks. Finally, agree to an armistice in July 1953. It is still in effect.

45. The Cold War Railroad Workers’ Strike of 1951 Truman ordered the government to seize control of the railroads No effect on union demands Workers got most of what they demanded Nation-wide Steel Strike of 1952 Truman seized steel mills citing powers as Commander-in-Chief Supreme Court ruled (6-3) Truman had exceeded his authority Long, costly strike followed

46. The Cold War House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) Focused on the movie industry The Hollywood 10 Blacklisting

47. The Cold War Richard Nixon and Alger Hiss Whittaker Chambers

48. The Cold War Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

49. The Cold War Roy Cohen Senator Joseph McCarthy (R, WI) Edward R. Murrow CBS News

50. The Postwar Boom After his victory in 1948, Truman’s popularity sinks to all time low: 23% in 1951 Problems with Korean War, McCarthyism, and loyalty of government workers. 1952: Truman decides not to run for re-election; Democrats nominate Governor Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois