The Cold War

1. The Cold War

2. Cold War • a conflict between countries with no military action and usually without breaking off relations • No actual combat • Developed after World War II • Communism vs. Democracy

3. Communism • Webster: “a system of government in which goods are owned by the government and are available to all as needed” • No private property • Government owns everything • No class structure • Everyone is equal • No religion • Absolute power U.S.S.R

4. Democracy • Majority rule • Civil Rights • Anyone can be anything • Capitalism – an economic system characterized by private ownership of goods • Religious freedom • Due process of law U.S.A

5. The Beginning of The Cold War • Yalta Conference • February 1945 • The “Big Three” – Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin • Agree to free elections for all countries formerly under Nazi rule • Stalin disagrees

6. Potsdam Conference • Potsdam, Germany July 1945 • New President Harry Truman, Clement Attlee, Joseph Stalin • Stalin wants reparations from Germany • Truman and Attlee disagree • Splits Eastern and Western Europe • No free elections in Eastern Europe

8. Need to Stop Communism!!! Truman Doctrine • Harry Truman • March 1947 • Pledged to fight the spread of Communism • Gave financial and military assistance to Greece and Turkey • Containment

9. Marshall Plan • Secretary of State George C. Marshall • June 1947 • Between 1948 and 1950, U.S. gave $13 billion to help rebuild Europe • Helped spread Democracy

10. Berlin Airlift • Berlin, Germany seized by Soviets • Blocked all ground entries and exits • U.S. and other western nations flew over blockades • 1948-1949 • May 1949 Stalin lifted blockades

11. NATO • North Atlantic Treaty Organization • Formed in 1949 to stop the spread of communism • U.S., Canada, 10 West European Countries • Agreed to help each other militarily if needed

12. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) • United States • Belgium • Britain • Canada • Denmark • France • Iceland • Italy • Luxemburg • Netherlands • Norway • Portugal • 1952: Greece & Turkey • 1955: West Germany • 1983: Spain

13. Soviet Union felt NATO, Marshall Plan, Truman Doctrine were threats • Stalin died in 1953 • Nikita Khrushchev became leader of Soviet Union • Formed Warsaw Pact in 1955 with other Communist countries (Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Czechoslovakia) • Soviets built Berlin Wall in 1961

14. Warsaw Pact (1955) • U. S. S. R. • Albania • Bulgaria • Czechoslovakia • East Germany • Hungary • Poland • Rumania

15. NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

16. The Arms Race • The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in 1949. • Now there were two nuclear superpowers! • Each side began to stockpile vast amounts of Nuclear weapons to counter the other.

17. 1949 – Fall of China • In June, Chiang Kai-shek, the Nationalist leader, was defeated by Mao • Chiang flees to island of Taiwan • Oct 1, Mao proclaims People’s Republic of China (PRC) • Dec 1949, Mao goes to Moscow, • negotiates the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance.

18. The Korean War • NATO forces (multi-national body of troops) • Led by Gen. Douglas MacArthur • Drove Koreans back to the Yalu River • Chinese troops entered the war and drove back NATO forces to the 38th Parallel • The Korean War is still officially ongoing

19. The Korean War: the First Challenge to NATO

20. A Lesson from Korea: Domino Theory • 1954 • Eisenhower compared the spread of Communism in Asia to falling dominos • He lost China  Korea under siege by Socialist forces • Later would use this idea to commit troops to Vietnam

21. 1964 - Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • North Vietnamese patrol boats fired on the USS Mattox in the Gulf of Tonkin on August 2. • Congress approves the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • granted President Johnson authority to send U.S. troops to South Vietnam.

22. Vietnam War: 1965-1973

23. The Space Race: Another Scare Sputnik • On October 4 1958, the Soviet Union launches Sputnik, the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth. • In 1958, the U.S. creates the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the space race is in full gear. • April 1961 Yuri Gagarin, a Russian cosmonaut becomes the first human in space

24. A Race to the Moon • After Gagarin, the next goal of Russia and the US was to be the first to the Moon • July 1969 US becomes the first country to land men on the moon • Apollo 11 • Neil Armstrong = First human on the Moon

25. 1961 - Bay of Pigs • U.S.-organized invasion force of 1,400 Cuban exiles is defeated by Castro's government forces. • Trained and equipped by the US, the invaders surrender on April 20 after three days of fighting. • Kennedy takes full responsibility for the disaster. Captured Cubans

26. 1962 - Cuban Missile Crisis • After Bay of Pigs invasion, the Soviet Union installed nuclear missiles in Cuba. • Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of Cuba on October 22 until the Soviet Union removed its missiles. • On October 28, the Soviets agreed to remove the missiles • Crisis was the most dangerous point of the Cold War

27. The Cuban Missile Threat

28. Where are they now? • Vietnam – Socialist Republic and led by Nguyễn Minh Triết • Cuba – Socialist Republic led by Raul Castro • Russian Federation – Semi-Presidential Republic led by Vladimir Putin • Korea- still the same • Germany – United Republic led by Angela Merkel