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www.cites.org Life Sciences Symposium, WIPO, 26 August 2009 CITES: Wildlife trade regulations Patent Landscaping and Transfer of Technology under Multilateral Environmental Agreements Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora What is CITES?
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www.cites.org Life Sciences Symposium, WIPO, 26 August 2009 CITES: Wildlife trade regulations Patent Landscaping and Transfer of Technology under Multilateral Environmental Agreements Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
What is CITES? • CITES is an MEA that combines wildlife and trade themes with a legally binding instrument for achieving conservation and sustainable use objectives
What is CITES? • CITES is the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora • It is also known as the Washington Convention, as it was concluded in Washington D.C. • Scientifically based and enforcement oriented • Targeted, focused and with implementation in mind. CITES has been in operation for over 33 years
What is CITES? …is relevant to an ever-increasing number of Parties 173 Most recent new Parties: Cape Verde (2005)Serbia (2006)Montenegro (2007)Solomon Islands (2007)Kyrgyzstan (2007)Oman (2008)
CITES, trade and property • CITES regulates commercial and non-commercial • international trade (export, import, re-export, introduction from the sea) • in (wild-taken and produced) specimens (live/dead, parts/derivatives) of listed animal and plant species • through a system of permits and certificates which are issued only when certain conditions are met (specimen is legally acquired; trade is not detrimental to survival of species), and which must be presented when leaving and entering a country
CITES • CITES documents are standardized for: • Format • Language & terminology • Information • Duration of validity • Issuance procedures • Clearance procedures
I II III CITES • Species subject to CITES regulation are divided amongst three Appendices
CITES-listed species 3% • Appendix I • Species threatened with extinction • Not to be used for primarilycommercial purposes • Almost 530 animal species and some 300 plant species • International trade is generally prohibited
CITES-listed species 92% • Appendix II • Species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but for which trade must be controlled to avoid their becoming threatened • International (commercial) trade is permittedbut regulated • More than 4,400 animal species and more than 28,000 plant species
12 CITES & WIPO How could WIPO and the patent system help mega-biodiversity countries conserve and use, in a sustainable manner, their wildlife resources?
Wildlife industry and tech-transfer 13 Commodity speculation Services/Drivers Ivory Hunting Safaris, trophies, falconry, etc. Souvenirs Rain-sticks, shells, corals, etc. Collections Zoos, museums, botanical gardens, circus, etc. Pets Live specimens (reptiles, birds, ornamental fish) Fashion Leather industry, cosmetics, wool (vicunas), furs, etc Healthcare Natural ingredients, medicinal plants&animals Housing Timber (mahogany, ramin, cedar, etc) Products Parts and derivatives Food Fisheries (Arapaima g.), caviar, meat industry and game meat
CITES-tech & traditional knowledge • Scientific research and traditional knowledge (risk assessments, population surveys, species monitoring by local communities, etc) • Production systems (wild, captive-breeding, ranching, artificial propagation, hybrids, genetics, etc) • Information systems (e-permitting, communications, market information) • Control systems (timber and fish industries tracking systems, microchips, satellites, DNA profiling, forensic technologies e.g. species identification)
1970’s =less than 5,000 vicunas Today = vicunas no longer at risk, fiber products patented
1970’s = survival of all 23 species at risk Today = 16 species no longer at risk
Thank you • Juan Carlos VasquezLegal officerCITES SecretariatGeneva, Switzerlandemail: juan.vasquez@cites.orgwww.cites.org