French Revolution (1789-1799)

1. Intro Background/Why a Revolution? Economy/Monarchy Estates General Freedom/Equality (1789-92) Taking Action New Constitution & Calendar Terror (1792-95) War Robespierre Directory (1795-99) Evaluation Key Terms National Assembly Bastille Great Fear “Rights of Man” Committee on Public Safety “Levee en masse” French Revolution(1789-1799)

2. French Revolution Themes(Turning Point In Europe’s History) • It was a “popular” Revolution (involved common people angry at the monarchy). • It turned violent & bloody. • It came full-circle.

3. Why? Economic Crisis: • Government’s Debt • French/Indian War & American Revolution • Tax system • Poor harvests in 1780s—riots Anger at monarchy:

4. Nobles & Clergy-did not pay taxes Who was left…? Tax System In France • Peasants & Bourgeoisie • Those with the least wealth paid the most in taxes • Corvée: Peasants were required to work 12-15 days of unpaid labor for the state (roads, bridges, etc)

5. French Monarchy: Symbol for Anger Marie Antoinette (1755-1793) Louis XVI (1754-1793)

6. French Revolution • Phase I: Freedom & Equality (1789-1792) Slogan: Liberty, Equality & Fraternity

7. First Step to Revolution • The King (Louis XVI) wanted to increase taxes & nobles refused to pay. • Estates General (French Parliament) was called into session—it had not met since 1614!

8. Estates General • But the “Masses”& Bourgeoisie objected to unequal representation. • So, they formed their own group: • National Assembly

9. Nobles/Lords: 1-5% Clergy: 5-10% Middle Class: 5-10% (Bourgeoisie) The “Masses” 75-85%

10. National Assembly • “The Masses” & Bourgeoisie met and Declared they would not disband until a new constitution was adopted! Tennis Court Oath

11. Storming the Bastille(July, 1789) • Rioting in Paris led about 800 common citizens to attack the Bastille. • The people took the Bastille, but 98 civilians died & became martyrs. • Turning point: Average citizens sparked a mass Revolution.

12. Storming the Bastille(July, 1789) • Lafayette gave this key to George Washington it’s now on display at Mount Vernon Key to the Bastille

13. Great Fear(August, 1789) • Rumor: nobles were going to destroy crops in rural areas to hurt Revolutionaries. • Peasants looted & destroyed noble’s homes. • Result = nobility & clergy renounced ALL traditional privileges.

14. Common People Destroy The Old Order

15. “Rights of Man”(1789) • Every man is guaranteed natural rights and should be treated equally. Philosophical Statement:

16. New Calendar • Provisions • 1789 would be the year 1 (a brand new start) • 12 months in year • 30 days in each month • 3 weeks in each month • 1 day each week a holiday (1 every 10 days)

17. New Constitution*(1790) • Established a Constitutional Monarchy: • Louis XVI-monarch • But a National Legislature would have the most power • The Old Regime was gone; society would be based on freedom & equality. *Just about all adult males could vote.

18. French Revolution • Phase II: Terror (1792-1795)

19. Reign of Terror(1792-95) • To wage war, the National Legislature gave tremendous power to a committee of its members. • WAR! France vs. rest of Europe

20. Committee On Public Safety • Leader of the Committee Robespierre (1758-1794)

21. Committee On Public Safety • Mobilized entire defense of France. • Instituted “Levee en masse.” • ALL in society were required to contribute to the war effort. • Any & all dissent was CRUSHED.

22. Guillotine • Use was popularized by Dr. Joseph Guillotin • Estimated 25,000-50,000 executions (1792-94) • 500,000 were imprisoned

23. Louis XVI Executed(January, 1793)

24. Marie Antoinette Executed(October, 1793)

25. Committee On Public Safety • Mobilized entire defense of France. • Instituted “Levee en masse.” • ALL in society were required to contribute to the war effort. • Any & all dissent was CRUSHED • Their actions demonstrated the TERROR & how the Revolution turned violent & bloody.

26. French Revolution • Phase III: The Directory (1795-1799) (Conservative Reaction)

27. Directory(1795-1799) • Created by the adoption of another new Constitution—to prevent another “TERROR.” • Who can vote?—landowners only • Power would be held by Five Consuls (one was Napoleon Bonaparte). • 1799 Directory was abolished & Napoleon became the sole leader of France.

28. Revolution Comes Full-Circle • Revolution’s Goal: destroy the monarchy & Old Regime • Result: one ruler (Emperor) • All male landowners could vote, society was more equal; but not full “freedom & equality” for all

29. French Revolution Themes(Turning Point In Europe’s History) • It was a “popular” Revolution (involved common people angry at the monarchy). • It turned violent & bloody. • It came full-circle.

30. Evaluation… • Overall, was the Revolution positive or negative for the people of France?

31. Intro Background/Why a Revolution? Economy/Monarchy Estates General Freedom/Equality (1789-92) Taking Action New Constitution & Calendar Terror (1792-95) War Robespierre Directory (1795-99) Evaluation Key Terms National Assembly Bastille Great Fear “Rights of Man” Committee on Public Safety “Levee en masse” French Revolution(1789-1799)