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The French Revolution 1789-1799

The French Revolution 1789-1799. What were the Causes of the French Revolution?. French Society on the Eve of the Revolution. Old Regime. Louis XVI. The French Monarchy 1775 - 1793. Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI Pojer. French Society in the 1700s

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The French Revolution 1789-1799

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  1. The French Revolution1789-1799

  2. What were the Causes of the French Revolution? French Society on the Eve of the Revolution

  3. Old Regime

  4. Louis XVI

  5. The French Monarchy1775 - 1793 Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI Pojer

  6. French Society in the 1700s • The First Estate---the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church • They did not pay taxes. • Members of the clergy could only be tried for crimes in Church courts. • The Church owned about a tenth of all French land and received huge incomes from rents, taxes and fees. • Some Church officials were corrupt and extravagant.

  7. French Society in the 1700s • The Second Estate---the nobles • The nobles did not pay a fair share of the taxes and still collected feudal dues from the peasants. • The nobles held the highest positions in army and government. • Many nobles were thoughtless, irresponsible, and extravagant.

  8. French society in the 1700s • The Third Estate---the common people of France • The bourgeoisie were the city dwelling middle class (often wealthy and educated). • The laborers and artisans of the cities were also part of the Third Estate. • The peasants worked the land and paid the heaviest taxes and tithes. They made up the majority of the Third Estate.

  9. Social Classes (Estates) in France The Clergy – First Estate 1% of the population The Nobility- Second Estate 2% of the population The Commoners Third Estate 97% of the French population Pojer

  10. The Growing Discontent in France • The rapid growth of the French population made it difficult for families feed their children. • The price of food and clothing began to rise. • Nobles, clergy and some bourgeoisie began to raise rents and dues. • Artisans found food prices rising higher than wages. • The bourgeoisie wanted political power equal to their economic strength. • The nobles and higher clergy resented the fact that the French kings had become so powerful. • The spread of ideas of the Enlightenment increased dissatisfaction with the system.

  11. The Financial Crisis of the French Monarchy • In 1774 when Louis XVI came to the throne he inherited a bankrupted treasury. • The wars of Louis XIV had left a huge debt. • The debt was increased by French assistance to the American Revolution. • Even with heavy taxes there was not enough money to run the government because the wealthiest people were free from taxes.

  12. Where is the tax money? Pojer

  13. France’s Financial Problems “By 1786 banks began to refuse to lend money to the ailing French government. The economy suffered a further blow when crop failures caused bread shortages in 1788 and 1789.” World History

  14. Financial Problems in France (1789) Urban Commoner’sBudget: • Food 80% • Rent 25% • Tithe 10% • Taxes 35% • Clothing 20% • TOTAL 170% King’s Budget: • Interest 50% • Army 25% • Versailles 25% • Coronation 10% • Loans 25% • Admin. 25% • TOTAL 160% Pojer

  15. The French Urban Poor Pojer

  16. The Estates General 1789 “The privileged First and Second Estates refused to aid the government. Louis was forced to summon the Estates General. This was the only way he could get additional taxes.” World History

  17. Convening the Estates General May, 1789 Last time it was called into session was 1614! Pojer

  18. The Suggested Voting Pattern:Voting by Estates The Clergy First Estate The Nobility Second Estate The Commoners Third Estate Louis XIV insisted that voting be based on the Estates with each Estate receiving one vote. Pojer

  19. The Number of Representativesin the Estates General: Vote by Head! Clergy First Estate 300 Delegates Nobility Second Estate 300 Delegates Commoners Third Estate 648 Delegates Pojer

  20. Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes 1stWhat is the Third Estate?Everything! 2nd What has it been heretofore in the political order? Nothing! 3rd What does it demand? To become something therein! Abbé Sieyès1748-1836 Pojer

  21. What is the Third Estate?

  22. The French Revolution Phase One (The Bourgeoisie Revolution)

  23. Tennis Court Oath June 20, 1789

  24. Storming the Bastille July 14, 1789 A rumor was spread that the king was planning a military coup against the National Assembly. The people of Paris decided to arm themselves. 18 died. 73 wounded. 7 guards killed. It held 7 prisoners 5 ordinary criminals and 2 madmen. Pojer

  25. The Great Fear-The Peasant Revolt (July, 1789) Rumors spread that the feudal nobility [the aristos] were sending hired brigands to attack peasants. Peasants armed themselves and drove the feudal landlords off their property. Pojer

  26. National Assembly1789 - 1791 August Decrees 1789The Renunciation of Aristocratic Privileges!

  27. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen August 26, 1789 • Liberty! • Freedom from oppression! • Thomas Jefferson was in Paris at this time. He helped write the Declaration of Rights. Pojer

  28. March of the Women to VersaillesOctober, 1789 A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women demanding bread The women forced the Royal Family to return to Paris with them. Pojer

  29. The Government Moves to Paris (October,1789) The king and his family was forced to move to Paris and reside at the Tuileries Palace. Anti-royalists watched the royal family’s every move. The National Assembly moved to Paris a few days later.

  30. Political Reforms and the Catholic Church “The Civil Constitution of the Clergy was a measure which placed the French Church under government control.”

  31. New Relations Between Church and State • The government paid the salaries of the French clergy and maintained the churches. • The Church was reorganized: • Parish priests were elected by the district assemblies. • Bishops were named by the department assemblies. • The Pope had NO voice in the appointment of the French clergy. • It transformed France’sRoman Catholic Churchinto a branch of the state! Pope Pius VI[1775-1799] Pojer

  32. How to Finance the New Government? Confiscate Church Lands (1790) One of the most controversial decisions of the entire revolutionary period. Pojer

  33. The French Constitution of 1791: A Bourgeois (Middle Class) Government • The king received the “suspensive” veto. This veto could prevent the passage of laws for four years. • The king could not pass laws. • His ministers were responsible for their own actions. • A permanent, elected, single chamber called the Legislative Assembly. • The Legislative Assembly had the power of taxation. • An independent judiciary (court system). Pojer

  34. The French Constitution of 1791: A Bourgeois (Middle Class) Government “Active” Citizen:A male who paid taxes amounting to three days labor could vote. • One third of adult males were denied the franchise (vote). • Domestic servants were also excluded. A newly electedLEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. GOAL Make sure that the country was not turned over to the mob! Pojer

  35. The Royal Family Attempts to Flee • June, 1791-The royal family tried to escape from France. • The royal family headed toward the Luxembourg border. They planned to escape to Austria. • The King was recognized at Varennes, near the border and forced to return to Paris. Louis reluctantly accepted the Constitution. Pojer

  36. Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution and the National Assembly. Pojer

  37. The Doomed Government-The King Walking a Tightrope • The new limited monarchy had little chance of success. • Most people distrusted the king. • Popular opinion was leaning toward the creation of a Republic.

  38. The French Revolution Phase Two (The Convention and the Reign of Terror) http://www.seattlecatholic.com/a050413.html

  39. How did the Radicals take over the Revolution?

  40. War! “Fearing that Austria would try to reinstate Louis, the revolutionary leaders declared war on Austria. War threw France into upheaval. The king and his family were imprisoned and the radicals backed by the Paris crowds took over the Assembly and called for a National Convention to create a new constitution. They extended the vote to all males.” World History

  41. The National Convention(September, 1792) The first act of the National Convention was to abolish the monarchy. The National Convention (The Republic) • Girondin Rule: 1792-1793 • Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794 (“Reign of Terror”) • Thermidorian Reaction: 1794-1795 • The Directory 1795-1799

  42. Attitudes & actions of monarchy& court Fear ofCounter-Revolution Religiousdivisions The Causes of Instability in France1792 - 1795 Politicaldivisions EconomicCrises War Pojer

  43. The Political Spectrum TODAY: 1790s: The Plain(swing votes) Montagnards(“The Mountain”) Girondists Monarchíen(Royalists) Jacobins Pojer

  44. The Politics of the National Convention (1792-1795) Montagnards Girondists • Power base in Paris. • Main support from the sans-culottes. • Would adopt extreme measures to achieve their goals. • Saw Paris as the center of the Revolution. • More centralized [in Paris] approach to government. • Power base in the provinces. • Feared the influence of the sans-culottes. • Feared the dominance of Paris in national politics. • Supported more national government centralization [federalism].

  45. The Jacobins (The Radicals) Jacobin Meeting House • They held their meetings in the library of a former Jacobin monastery in Paris. • Started as a debating society. • Membership mostly middle class. • Created a vast network of clubs. Pojer

  46. The Sans-Culottes: The Parisian Working Class Supporters of the Jacobins • Small shopkeepers • Tradesmen • Artisans Pojer

  47. Louis XVI’s Head (January 21, 1793) • The trial of the king was hastened by the discovery in a secret cupboard in the Tuilieres of a cache of documents. • They proved conclusively Louis’ knowledge and encouragement of foreign intervention. • The National Convention voted387 to 334 to execute the monarchs. Pojer

  48. The War Expands “After Louis’ execution, the monarchs of Europe feared democratic revolutions could spread from France. In January, 1793 the monarchs of Great Britain, the Netherlands, Spain and Sardinia joined Austria and Prussia in alliance against revolutionary France.” World History

  49. The Committee of Public Safety “The National Convention took steps to prevent foreign invasion. It formed the Committee of Public Safety to direct the entire war effort. It also adopted conscription or a draft to require military service of men between the ages of eighteen and forty-five.” World History

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