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Acute Leukemia

Acute Leukemia. Rakesh Biswas MD, Professor, Department of Medicine, People's College of Medical Sciences, Bhanpur, Bhopal, India. Leukaemia. A 16 year old girl Extreme pallor gum bleeds, Purpura,With Lymphadenopathy and Hepatosplenomegaly. Possible causes: Investigations and treatment.

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Acute Leukemia

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  1. Acute Leukemia Rakesh Biswas MD, Professor, Department of Medicine, People's College of Medical Sciences, Bhanpur, Bhopal, India Leukaemia

  2. A 16 year old girlExtreme pallorgum bleeds, Purpura,WithLymphadenopathy and Hepatosplenomegaly

  3. Possible causes: Investigations and treatment

  4. Only a week later, D was ill again, with a fever, severe headache, and extreme lethargy.

  5. During a sunny spring weekend, D would go outside to play, only to return minutes later exhausted, flopping herself onto the sofa to rest

  6. Leukemia Group of malignant disorders of the hematopoietic tissues characteristically associated with increased numbers of white cells in the bone marrow and / or peripheral blood

  7. Once inside the van and on our way out of the clinic parking lot, she asked, "Dad, what is leukemia?" "Can I die from this?"

  8. Classification • Classified based on cell type involved and the clinical course • 1. Acute : • ALL • AML 2. Chronic : • CLL • CML

  9. Subclassification • ALL • Common type( pre-B) • B-cell • T-cell • Undifferentiated

  10. After the oncologist performed a bone marrow aspiration to confirm the diagnosis of leukemia, we learned specifically what type it was and the count. "D had acute lymphoblastic leukemia, early pre-B cell.

  11. Myelomono

  12. Ref-Harrison’s Principle of Internal Medicine

  13. CLL B-cell: common T-cell: rare

  14. CML Ph +ve Ph –ve, BCR-abl +ve Ph –ve, BCR-abl -ve Eosinophilic Leukemia Ph: Philadelphia chromosome BCR: Breakpoint cluster region; abl : Abelson oncogene

  15. Acute Myeloid Leukemia ( AML) • Malignant transformation of a myeloid precursor cell ; usually occurs at a very early stage of myeloid development • Rare in childhood & incidence increases with age

  16. Etiology Unknown / De-novo !! In majority Predisposing factors: • Ionizing radiation exposure • Previous chemotherapy : alkylating agents • Occupational chemical exposure : benzene • Genetic factors: Down’s Syndrome, Bloom’s, Fanconi’s Anemia • Viral infection ( HTLV-1) • Immunological : hypogammaglobulinemia • Acquired hematological condition -Secondary

  17. Epidemiology • M > F • ALL which predominantly affects younger individuals • AML – adults and the elderly • Median age gp-65yrs • Geographical variation-none

  18. Clinical features General : Onset is abrupt & stormy (usually present within 3 months) • Bone marrow failure (anemia, infection ,bleeding) • Bone pain & tenderness

  19. Specific: • M2 : Chloroma:-presents as a mass lesion ‘tumor of leukemic cells’ • M3 : DIC • M4/M5 : Infiltration of soft tissues, gum infiltration, skin deposits ,Meningeal involvement-headache, vomiting, eye symptoms

  20. Skin Infiltration with AML (Leukemia Cutis)

  21. Diagnosis • Blood count : WBC usually elevated (50,000- 1,00,000 / cmm ); may be normal or low; often anemia & thrombocytopenia • Blood film : (as above) Blast cells

  22. P. Smear AML

  23. Bone marrow aspirate & trephine: Hypercellular, • blast cells ( > 20%), • presence of Auer rods - AML type • Cytochemistry : Special stains to differentiate AML from ALL ;Positivity with Sudan black & Myeloperoxidase (MPO) in AML

  24. Jemshidi trephine & Salah aspiration needle

  25. Auer Rods in Leukemia cells

  26. MPO (right) & Sudan black (left) showing intense localised positivity in blasts

  27. Confirmation: Immunophenotyping Molecular genetics Cytogenetics: Chromosomal abnormalities

  28. Other Inv: • Coagulation screen, fibrinogen, D- dimer • RFT, LFT • LDH, Uric acid • Urine • CXR • ECG, ECHO

  29. Management I. Supportive care : • Anemia – red cell transfusion • Thrombocytopenia – platelet concentrates • Infection – broad spectrum IV antibiotics • Hematopoietic growth factors : GM-CSF, G-CSF • Barrier nursing • Indwelling central venous catheter

  30. Metabolic problems : Monitoring hepatic / renal / hematologic function; Fluid & electrolyte balance, nutrition Hyperuricemia- hydration, Allopurinol • Psychological support

  31. The white blood cell count in her peripheral blood was about 550,000. Her bone marrow was packed with leukemia blasts."

  32. The next thing that occurred was a procedure called leukopheresis.This procedure lasted 4 hours and cut D’s white blood cell (WBC) count in half--to about 250,000.

  33. She was administered chemotherapy immediately following the leukopheresis procedure. The next day we learned that the chemo had produced an effect as well: The WBC had halved again--125,000.

  34. SPECIFIC THERAPHY: Chemotherapy : Induction: (4-6 wks) vincristine, prednisone, anthracycline, (idarubicin or daunorubicin) cyclophosphamide, and L-asparaginase

  35. Consolidation: (multiple cycles of intensive chemotherapy given over a 6 to 9 month period).Cytosine arabinoside, high-dose methotrexate, etoposide anthracycline, (idarubicin or daunorubicin)

  36. Maintenance phase:(18 to 24 months).LPs with intrathecal MTX every 3 months, Monthly vincristine, Daily 6-MP, and weekly MTX.

  37. At day 29 of the induction protocol D was declared to be in complete remission. We were all relieved with this news.

  38. Step two was the next phase of treatment called consolidation therapy. This entailed multiple combinations of drugs administered on a rotational basis (on various weeks) for the next six months.

  39. For instance, she would receive an infusion of methotrexate for a couple of days and then take 6-MP by mouth for a week. Another cycle included VM-26 (Teniposide) and Ara-C.

  40. Complete remission ( CR): < 5% blast cells in normocellular bone marrow Autologous BMT : Can be curative in younger patient (< 40-50 yrs)

  41. Exactly 5 months since her diagnosis, and 16 weeks of remission…"We're at the clinic. D has relapsed. Her white count is 27,000."

  42. The Consolidation protocol had been dropped and replaced with a new induction protocol. After the bone marrow aspiration to determine the extent of the leukemia relapse, she was given doxirubicin, vincristine and L-asparaginase.

  43. For several days following D‘s discharge from the bone marrow transplant unit, all of us loaf around the house and recuperate from our 90 day marathon…

  44. …the first 30 days representing Ds' relapse and the induction therapy to obtain a second remission

  45. Back in fighting form, D proceeds directly to the final 30 days of the marathon--the actual bone marrow transplant.BMT patients are in a delicate condition following discharge

  46. Looking back, the nine weeks or so--the post BMT discharge period--was a sublime time for us. D was home and was feeling pretty good.

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