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Electronic Work Flow

Chapter 13 Electronic Work Flow Objectives Distinguish between analog form and digital form. State the functions of word processing, page composition, and illustration programs. Explain the functions of PDLs.

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Electronic Work Flow

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  1. Chapter 13 Electronic Work Flow

  2. Objectives • Distinguish between analog form and digital form. • State the functions of word processing, page composition, and illustration programs. • Explain the functions of PDLs. • Summarize the functions of Print Production Format (PPF) and Job Definition Format (JDF). Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  3. Objectives • Cite the definition of preflighting and explain its importance to prepress production. • Describe the basic creation, transmission, and output of electronic media. • List proofing methods used in the printing industry. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  4. Objectives • Identify the basic functions of raster image processors (RIPs), imagesetters, and platesetters. • Define digital printing. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  5. Analog vs. Digital • Most images enter the work flow in analog form and are converted to digital form • Analog imagesare continuous and can vary in density • Digital imagesconsist of cells on a grid (pixels) Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  6. The Transition to Digital • Image reproduction was originally limited to type and black-and-white line drawings • Invention of photography in the 1800s made it possible to capture photographic images • Reproducing these images was not possible until the invention of the halftone screen in 1886 • Electronic scanners and digital cameras are used now Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  7. Computer Platforms • Major ones in use today: • PC • Macintosh computer • Defined by operating system used • Many service bureaususe a particular platform • Cross-platform programs, formats, or devices work on different platforms Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  8. Software Programs • Used for many applications in the printing industry • Text creation and editing are done in word processing programs • Text can be imported into a page composition program • Other software is used for image creation and manipulation and imposition Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  9. Create or transform images into bitmap graphics Bitmap graphic—pattern of pixels arranged on a grid Number of bits in a pixel is the bit depth Paint Programs One-Bit Pixels Eight-Bit Pixels Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  10. Draw Programs • Use straight and curved lines to produce vector graphics • Vector graphics are represented as mathematical formulas • Can be greatly enlarged and still remain sharp • Require less computer memory than bitmap files Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  11. Image Manipulation Programs • Paint programs that generate bitmap graphics • More advanced programs allow manipulation of almost any aspect of an image • Cropping images • Changing color and contrast • Removing and replicating images Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  12. Page Composition Programs • Integrate files produced by very different types of software • Understand different languages used and translate elements into a common language Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  13. Translating Files • PDL directs imaging performed by the output devices • Interpreterstranslate PostScript page descriptions line by line into patterns of dots or pixels • Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) filesinclude low-resolution representations of documents Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  14. Portable Document Format (PDF) • Evolved out of PostScript technology • Designed to support: • CD-ROMs • Internet- and intranet-page production • Digital-printing technologies • Digital work flow of computer-to-plate (CTP) technology • A good preflighting tool Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  15. Integrating All of Production • International Cooperation for Integration of Prepress, Press, and Postpress (CIP3)was created to reduce compatibility problems • CIP3 produced Print Production Format (PPF) • PPF evolved into Job Definition Format (JDF) Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  16. Desktop Publishing • Basis for all electronic prepress • Used to produce art, copy, and page composition • Pages are output as laser proofs • Corrected files are translated to PostScript format and sent to printer Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  17. Stages of Electronic Prepress Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  18. Power Supply • When electrical power supply is disrupted, digital work flow is halted • An uninterruptible power supplysaves time and prevents work-flow interruptions • Desktop computers can use a small battery supply • Some uninterruptible power-supply systems protect from power surges Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  19. Service Bureaus • Contracted by publishers to scan high-resolution images or output film • Provide link between publishers or ad agencies and printers • Some offer a full range of prepress services • Output service bureauslimit their services to high-resolution output from PostScript files Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  20. File Formats • Attention must be paid to the format in which data is stored • Text files can be saved in various formats and reformatted for use in other programs • Graphic image formats are not as flexible Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  21. Caution • Digital data can become damaged or corrupted • Always back up your files on a regular basis • When you make backup copies, you are copying your files to a second medium as a precaution, in case the first medium fails or is destroyed Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  22. File-Naming Conventions • Carefully naming files keeps work organized • File names should not begin with a space • Each file name should be unique • Only alphanumeric characters should be used • Appropriate file extensions should be used • Automatic picture replacement (APR) files should not be renamed because the name of the file links to high-res image Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  23. Preflighting • Orderly review of files to identify problems: • No laser proofs supplied • Incorrect page sizes • Inadequate image bleeds • Scans supplied in wrong file format • Scitex Graphic Arts Users Association (SGAUA) publishes the Computer Ready Electronic File (CREF) II guidelines Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  24. Preflighting Chart Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  25. Preflighting Chart (Cont.) Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  26. Checklist for Materials Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  27. File Repair • Digitally send files to a data-repair and -recovery service • Purchase file-repair software • Repairs certain film formats, media, or application files • Recovers graphics files that were accidentally deleted Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  28. Monitors • Software used for word processing and page layout provides a What You See Is What You Get (WYSIWYG) display • Color-management software provides a What You See Is What You Print (WYSIWYP) display • Resolution and dot pitch are important Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  29. Types of Monitors • Cathode-ray tube (CRT) monitors • Images are generated from beams of electrons striking phosphors on inside of screen • Liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors • Consist of a coating of liquid crystals between two thin sheets of polarized glass • Plasma display monitors • Cells containing plasma are activated by a small electric current Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  30. CRT Monitors Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  31. LCD Monitors Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  32. Plasma Display Monitors Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  33. Types of Printers • Dot matrix printers • Ink-jet printers • Laser printers • Thermal printers • Dye sublimation printers Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  34. Types of Ink-Jet Printers • Drop-on-demand ink-jet printers • Thermal ink-jet printers • Piezoelectric ink-jet printers • Continuous ink-jet printers • Emit a steady stream of droplets that receive electrical charges • Designed more for speed than image quality Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  35. Thermal Ink-Jet Printers Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  36. Piezoelectric Ink-Jet Printers Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  37. Laser Printers Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  38. Engine Speed • Maximum number of pages the printer can output in full- or single-color mode • Measured in pages per minute Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  39. Caution • Some ink-jet and laser printers use agents that can be irritating or toxic • Laser toner can be an irritant to the respiratory tract and eyes • MSDSs are available from the toner vendor or manufacturer Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  40. Types ofProofs • Hard proofs • Soft proofs • Digital proofs • Contract proofs Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  41. Proofing • Customers often require proofs that accurately represent color and halftone reproduction • Digital-proofing systems can simulate the dot gainexpected on press • Remote proofingallows a printer to send digital files to out-of-town clients Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  42. Imagesetters Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  43. Types of Imagesetters Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  44. Imagesetter Calibration • Ensures high-quality output and repeatability • Imagesetter maintenance is important Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  45. Platesetters • Eliminate the need for film by exposing directly to plate material • Categories: • Flatbed platesetters • Internal-drum platesetters • External-drum platesetters Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  46. Imagesetting Systems • Consist of imagesetter and raster image processor (RIP) • RIP translates language of page-layout software into language of imagesetters and platesetters • Conversion of vector images to raster images is rasterization • Interpreter in the hardwareconverts files Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  47. RIP Conversion Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  48. Automated Ink Control • In the past, ink keys were manually set to ensure that areas of the plate received the right amount of ink • In the 1900s, plate scanners were developed, which set ink controls automatically • Now, digital data from the RIP can also set the ink keys automatically Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

  49. Digital Printing • Any method of printing in which imaging of the plate occurs on press • Includes two processes: • Digital imaging (DI) technology • Advantages are shorter production time, reduced labor costs, cost-effective short runs, and greater registration control • Digital toner-based press technology • Main advantage is variable data printing (VDP) Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

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