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CONDIMENTUM LIBERO it refers to the ease of accessing or using different levels of relative clauses in language learning RELATIVE CLAUSE HIERARCHY SU > DO > IO > OPREP > GEN > OCOMP THIS HIERARCHY REPRESENTS THE COMMON ORDER IN WHICH RELATIVE CLAUSES APPEAR ACROSS UNIVERSAL LANGUAGES. RESUMPTIVE PRONOUN TEND TO APPEAR AT THE LOWER LEVELS OF THE HIERARCHY IMPLICATIONS FOR SLA PREDICTION: IF A LANGUAGE HAS A CERTAIN TYPE OF RELATIVE CLAUSE, IT WILL ALSO HAVE THE TYPES THAT ARE HIGHER IN THE HIERARCHY
LOREM IPSUM DOLOR A) THE BOY WHO IS RUNNING WON THE RACE. (SUBJECT RELATIVE CLAUSE) B) THE BOOK THAT I BORROWED WAS INTERESTING. (DIRECT OBJECT RELATIVE CLAUSE) C) THE WOMAN TO WHOM I GAVE THE LETTER IS MY AUNT. (INDIRECT OBJECT RELATIVE CLAUSE) D) THE WOMAN WHOM HE DANCED WITH [HER] FLEW TO PARIS YESTERDAY. (OBJECT OF PREPOSITION) E) SHE MET THE AUTHOR WHOSE BOOK [HIS] WAS A BESTSELLER. (GENITIVE)
The Acquisition of Questions it refers to how second language learners gradually develop their ability to form questions in the target language through a step-by-step learning process Wh- Inversion Implies Wh- Fronting Yes/No Inversion Implies Wh- Inversion Where you go? (Incorrect but still understandable) I don’t know where she is. (Indirect statement) Where do you go? Will you see my friend? Yes/No Inversion Considered Complex to second language learner
P R E T I U M P O R T T I T O R the context of language universals comes from phonology and native languages influence second language learner adapt to this challenge. Voiced: The vocal cords vibrate (e.g., b, d, g, v, z). Voiceless: No vocal cord vibration (e.g., p, t, k, f, s). She has a red dress. → A Spanish speaker might say "ret" dress. (by devoicing) He’s so brave! → A Mandarin speaker might say "braveə." (add an extra vowel sound)