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BIOLOGICAL THEORIES

This comprehensive analysis explores the evolution of biological theories in psychology and their implications for understanding mental illnesses. Tracing the history from the dominant psychodynamic model of the 19th century to the scientific revolution of the 1970s, this text highlights advancements in brain research, the emergence of psychopharmacological developments, and the impact of genetic predispositions and environmental factors. By examining pivotal studies and frameworks, such as the DSM-III, we uncover the complexities of diagnosing and treating psychological disorders through a biological lens.

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BIOLOGICAL THEORIES

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  1. BIOLOGICAL THEORIES

  2. FROM PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSONALITY EARLY LIFE PSYCHOTHERAPY TO BIOLOGICAL DISEASE BRAIN MEDICATION REVOLUTION – 1970’s - PRESENT

  3. HISTORY • DOMINANT IN 19TH CENTURY - DISEASE OF BRAIN • MOST OF 20TH CENTURY - LIMITED TO MENTAL HOSPITALS (1900 - 1970)

  4. UP UNTIL ABOUT 1970 • LITTLE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BRAIN • RISE AND DOMINANCE OF PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY • DISCREDITING OF GENETIC THOUGHT WITH NAZIS

  5. EMERGENCE OF BIOLOGY • SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION BEGAN IN 1970s • NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR THE STUDY OF THE BRAIN (CAT; MRI; PET) • MUCH MORE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BRAIN – HUMAN GENOME PROJECT • PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS

  6. EMERGENCE OF BIOLOGY • INSURANCE AND MANAGED CARE • DRUGS CHEAPER AND MORE EFFICIENT • CAN TREAT SERIOUSLY ILL

  7. CONCEPT

  8. DSM-III (1980) • REJECTED DYNAMIC MODEL OF DSM-I AND DSM-II • ADOPTED DIAGNOSTIC MODEL • SYMPTOMS INDICATE UNDERLYING DISEASES • NOT CONTINUOUS, BUT CATEGORICAL

  9. CAUSES

  10. CAUSES • BRAIN DISORDERS • OFTEN GENETIC VULNERABILITIES • EARLY CHILDHOOD ILLNESSES OR TRAUMAS • CURRENT TRAUMAS CAN CHANGE BRAIN

  11. EVIDENCE FOR GENETIC • PROBABILITY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA • NO SCHIZ RELATIVES 1% • UNCLES/AUNTS/COUSINS 2-4% • ONE PARENT 6% • FULL SIBLING 10% • DZ 6-15% • MZ 30-40%

  12. BASIC PROBLEM • FAMILIES TRANSMIT GENES AND BEHAVIORS, VALUES, CULTURE, ETC. • HOW SEPARATE GENETIC FROM ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES? • TWO MAJOR WAYS • ADOPTION STUDIES, TWIN STUDIES

  13. ADOPTION STUDIES • GET GENES FROM ONE SET OF PARENTS AND ENVIRONMENT FROM ANOTHER SET • NATURAL CHILDREN OF M.I. PARENTS RAISED BY NON-M.I. FOSTER PARENTS • COMPARE TO ADOPTED CONTROL GROUP

  14. DESIGN

  15. HESTON STUDY • 47 CHILDREN BORN TO SCHIZ. MOTHER IN OREGON M.H. 1915-45 AND TAKEN AWAY AT BIRTH • CONTROL GROUP OF 47 CHILDREN OF NON-M.I. MOTHERS ADOPTED AT BIRTH

  16. HESTON (CONT.) • 17% OF CHILDREN BORN OF SCHIZ. MOTHERS BECAME SCHIZ. • 0% OF CONTROL GROUP • OTHER STUDIES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA ALSO SUPPORT GENETIC INFLUENCE (ALTHOUGH NOT AS STRONGLY)

  17. ALCOHOL AND ADOPTION • GOODWIN – DENMARK • CHILDREN OF ALCOHOLICS RAISED BY NATURAL OR FOSTER PARENTS • FOR MALES, FIND RATES OF ALCOHOLISM AS ADULTS COMPARABLY HIGH FOR CHILDREN OF ALCOHOLICS RAISED BY NATURAL OR FOSTER PARENTS • INDICATES GENETIC INFLUENCES

  18. GOODWIN (CONT.) • FOR FEMALES, DAUGHTERS OF ALCOHOLIC PARENTS DO NOT HAVE MORE ALCOHOLISM WHEN RAISED BY NATURAL OR FOSTER PARENTS THAN OTHERS • DOES NOT INDICATE GENETIC CAUSES

  19. OTHER ILLNESSES • DEPRESSION • RATES IN ADOPTEES OFTEN RESEMBLE FOSTER PARENTS MORE THAN NATURAL PARENTS • INDICATES MORE ENVIRONMENTAL THAN GENETIC INFLUENCES

  20. TWIN STUDIES

  21. COMPARE MZ - DZ TWINS • MONOZYGOTIC TWINS (MZ) - SHARE 100% GENES • DYZYGOTIC TWINS (DZ) - SHARE 50% GENES • RAISED IN SAME FAMILY, ETC. • CONTROL ENVIRONMENT, VARY GENES

  22. DIFFERENCES IN SCHIZ. • SIBLINGS 10% • DZ 6-15% • MZ 30-40% • OTHER DISORDERS LESS DIFFERENCE BUT ALWAYS MORE MZ THAN DZ

  23. LIMITS OF TWIN STUDIES • MZ CONCORDANCE FAR FROM 100% • ARE TWINS REPRESENTATIVE? • EXTENT GREATER CONCORDANCE FOR MZ IS SOCIAL NOT GENETIC • PHYSICAL SIMILARITY, MORE INTERACTION, SAME FRIENDS

  24. neurochemistry

  25. NEURONS

  26. NEUROCHEMISTRY • NEURONS (BRAIN CELLS) RELEASE • NEUROTRANSMITTERS (CHEMICALS THAT COMMUNICATE BETWEEN NEURONS) INTO • SYNAPSES - GAP BETWEEN NEURONS • RECEPTORS - ABSORB CHEMICALS

  27. NEUROCHEMISTRY (CONT.) • MENTAL ILLNESSES CAN ARISE FROM • MALFUNCTIONING RECEPTORS • TOO MUCH OR TOO LITTLE OF VARIOUS NEUROTRANSMITTERS

  28. MAJOR NEUROCHEMICALS • SEROTONIN - LOW LEVELS MAY BE RELATED TO DEPRESSION AND MANY OTHER MENTAL ILLNESSES • DOPAMINE - HIGH LEVELS MAY BE RELATED TO SCHIZOPHRENIA • NOREPINEPHRINE - HIGH LEVELS MAY BE RELATED TO ANXIETY

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