Diversity of Algae, Lichens and Bryophytes inner

1. Pragati's DIVERSITY OF ALGAE, LICHENS and BRYOPHYTES Dr. SATISH KUMAR Associate Professor Department of Botany MEERUT COLLEGE, MEERUT PRAGATI PRAKASHAN PRAGATI

2. PRAGATI PRAKASHAN Educational Publishers OUR BOOKS IN BOTANY Textbooks Gymnosperms Plant Taxonomy Plant Pathology College Botany Vol. I Arid Zone Ecology UP Unified Syllabus Diversity of Algae, Lichens & Bryophytes Diversity of Viruses, Bacteria and Fungi Diversity of Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Elementary Palaeo Botany – Dr. Satish Kumar Divergence and Systematic Development and Reproduction Cytology Genetic Evolution and Ecology Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Practical Botany-I (English & Hindi) Practical Botany-II (English & Hindi) Head Office : PRAGATI BHAWAN 240, W. K. Road, Meerut-250 001 SMS/Ph. : (0121) 2640642, 2643636, 5544642 Tel/Fax : 2640642, 2663838 E-mail : pragatiprakashan@gmail.com Visit us at : www.pragatiprakashan.com – Dr. O.P. Sharma – N.B. Saxena – Dr. A.K. Srivastava – Dr. M.U. Charaya, Dr. V.P. Dube & Arora – N.B. Saxena – Dr. Satish Kumar – Dr. Satish Kumar Regd. Office : New Market, Begum Bridge, Meerut-250 001 Phone : (0121) 2651907 – Dr. Satish Kumar – Dr. Satish Kumar – Dr. Satish Kumar – Dr. O. P. Sharma – Dr. O. P. Sharma ch- ,llh- ouLifr foKku–I lw{ethoksa dh fofo/rk] dod ,oa ykbdsu Hkkx?1 fØIVksxSEl ('kSoky] czk;ksiQkbVk] VsfjMksiQkbVk) Hkkx?2 dksf'kdk tho foKku ,oa vkuqoaf'kdh Hkkx?3 vko`Ùkchft;ksa dk Hkzw.k foKku Practical Books In Hindi & English Both UGC Curriculum Practical Botany I, II, III (For All Indian Universities) Practical Botany III (For Kanpur & Jaunpur Universities) Practical Botany III (For C.C.S. University, Meerut) In English Only (All Indian Universities) A Manual of Practical Botany I & II Experiments & Techniques in Plant Science Vol. I & II Books on Environmental Sciences Desert Environment Air Pollution Water Pollution Industrial Pollution Noise Pollution Physico-Chemical Examination of Water Sewage and Industrial Effluents Reference Book Advanced Studies in Plant Tissue Culture Glimpses in Plant Science ? MkW- lrh'k dqekj ? MkW- vkj- ,l- lDlSuk ? ,u- ch- lDlSuk – Dr. O.P. Sharma This book or any part there of may not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher/author. This book can be exported from India only by the publisher, Pragati Prakashan, Meerut. – Dr. O.P. Sharma – Dr. O.P. Sharma – Dr. O.P. Sharma – Dr. O.P. Sharma – Dr. N.B. Saxena – Dr. V.P. Kudesia – Dr. V.P. Kudesia – Dr. V.P. Kudesia – Dr. V.P. Kudesia & Dr. T.N. Tiwari – N. Manivasakam © Author – Pramod Tandon – M.U. Charaya Published by : K.K. Mittal for Pragati Prakashan, Meerut-250 001, Laser Typesetting : Pragati Laser Type Setters Pvt. Ltd., Meerut (Phone 2661657). Printed at : Arihant Electric Press, Meerut.

3. B.Sc. I YEAR BOTANY DIVERSITY OF ALGAE, LICHENS and BRYOPHYTES A Text Book Based on UGC Model Curriculum, A Text Book Based on UGC Model Curriculum, UP Combined Syllabus and Revised Syllabi of UP Combined Syllabus and Revised Syllabi of Various Indian Universities Various Indian Universities

5. Preface Preface Preface Preface The present book "Diversity of Algae, Lichens and Bryophytes" is written strictly in accordance with the UGC model curriculum and revised syllabi of various Indian Universities. It caters to the needs of undergraduate first year students. The special features of the present book are : self-explanatory labelled diagrams, easy to understand language, incorporation of recent developments in the subject and the six categories of questions added at the end of each chapter. Although this book is primarily meant for undergraduate students, It is hoped that it will also benefit the postgraduate students and teachers as well. Though every possible efforts have been made to make the book flawless, chances are still there for further improvement. So, colleagues and students are requested to bear with me and to mail their valuable suggestions to give this book a new look next time. I am extremely thankful to Shri K.K. Mittal, Shri Ajay Mittal and Shri Sanjay Mittal of Pragati Prakashan, my wife Dr. Deepshikha, my children Anandita, Ashish and Arpit, for thier cooperative and eager efforts for the timely release of this book. Above all, I am thankful to the 'Almighty'. 163/2, Civil Lines Meerut (U.P.) India July, 2012 —Satish Kumar

7. Contents Contents Contents Contents UNIT – I DIVERSITY OF ALGAE AND LICHENS Chapters 1. General Characters of Algae 2. Range of Thallus Organization in Algae 3. Classification of Algae 4. Ultrastructure of Eukaryotic algal cell and Cyanobacterial cell 5. Economic importance of algae 6. Lichens Pages 3–10 11–20 21–28 29–33 34–41 42–56 UNIT – II CHARACTERISTICS AND LIFE CYCLES OF ALGAE 7. Cyanophyta 8. Chlorophyta 9. Xanthophyta Vaucheria 10. Bacillariophyta Navicula 59–66 Microcystis Oscillatoria 60 61 67–125 Chlamydomonas Volvox Hydrodictyon Oedogonium Coleochaete Chara 69 78 86 92 106 114 126–137 126 138–144 139

8. (viii) 11. Phaeophyta 12. Rhodophyta 145–165 Ectocarpus Sargassum 147 155 166–180 Polysiphonia 168 UNIT – III BRYOPHYTES 13. General Characters of Bryophytes 14. Classification of Bryophytes 15. Reproduction and Affinities of Bryophytes 16. Gametophytic and Sporophytic Organization of Sphagnum, Funaria and Pogonatum Sphagnum Funaria Pogonatum 17. Gametophytic and Sporophytic Organization of Anthoceros 183–192 193–200 201–211 212–254 213 225 244 255–270 UNIT – IV BRYOPHYTES 18. Gametophytic and Sporophytic Organization of Hepaticopsida Riccia Marchantia 273–307 273 289