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China closely allied with Soviets after Korean War 朝鮮戰爭之後中國與蘇聯聯繫密切

Cold War to Quasi-Alliance 冷戰到仿聯盟. China closely allied with Soviets after Korean War 朝鮮戰爭之後中國與蘇聯聯繫密切 US leaders thought Chinese society & socialism not compatible; expected CCP regime to collapse 美國領導認為中國社會與社會主義不協調 ; 預期中共政權會瓦解

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China closely allied with Soviets after Korean War 朝鮮戰爭之後中國與蘇聯聯繫密切

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  1. Cold War to Quasi-Alliance 冷戰到仿聯盟 China closely allied with Soviets after Korean War 朝鮮戰爭之後中國與蘇聯聯繫密切 US leaders thought Chinese society & socialism not compatible; expected CCP regime to collapse 美國領導認為中國社會與社會主義不協調; 預期中共政權會瓦解 US foreign policy leaders in charge of China policy were fanatical anti-Communists 美國主理中國政策的外交政策領袖都是狂熱的反共產主義者

  2. US backed French colonialists in their war against Vietnamese independence movement美國支持法國殖民主義者對付越南獨立運動的戰爭US and PRC attended Geneva Conference of 1954 which “settled” Vietnam question美國和中國參加1954年日內瓦會議, 其會議”處理了”越南問題Soviets persuaded Zhou Enlai to persuade Vietnamese Communist leader Ho Chi-minh to agree to US plan to divide Vietnam蘇聯說服周恩來遊說越南共產黨領袖胡志明同意美國分裂越南的計劃

  3. After treaty signed, US set up puppet regime under Diem in south Vietnam; "domino theory" emerges 條約簽署後, 美國在越南南部設立由吳庭艷統治的傀儡政權; “多米諾理論”出現 On Taiwan, Chiang regime backed rich mainlanders and was opposed by Taiwanese 在台灣, 蔣政權支持富有的大陸人士和受到台灣人反對 US financed land reform, gave other aid 美國資助土改, 給與其他支援 Pact with Chiang to protect Taiwan, Penghu, Jinmen, Mazu (US-Taiwan Defense Treaty) 與蔣協定保護台灣, 澎湖, 金門及媽祖 (《美台防禦條約》)

  4. US insisted at Warsaw talks that PRC renounce use of force against Taiwan; PRC willing to say this privately, but would not do it publicly 美國在華沙會談當中堅持,中國要放棄武力攻台; 中國願意私下表態, 但不願公開表示 High point of Soviet-Chinese relations with Mao's 1957 visit to Moscow; Mao pledges that China will overtake UK in industry within 15 years 毛1957年訪問莫斯科令蘇中關係進入高峰期; 毛誓言中國工業十五年內會超越英國 Local officials reported a huge harvest coming in 1958; Mao pushed to double steel production in one year: Great Leap Forward (GLF) begins 1958年地方官員會報將會有大豐收; 毛催促鋼鐵產量一年後要倍增: “大躍進” (GLF)開始

  5. Second Taiwan crisis began in August, 1958. US supplied Guomindang's Jinmen garrison 第二次台灣危機1958年8月開始. 美國提供國民黨在金門的守備軍 Soviets advised Mao to accept two-China plan; Mao refused 蘇聯提議毛接受兩個中國的建議; 毛拒絕 In GLF, communes formed and back-yard steel done. Steel effort led to agricultural disaster 在大躍進期間, 成立公社和建土高爐 (土法煉鋼), 煉鋼導致農業災難 Revolt in Tibet led to withdrawal of PLA from helping with agriculture 西藏有暴動導致幫助農業的解放軍撤離

  6. Famine began in 1959; lasted 3 years; 20-30 million deaths 饑荒1959年開始; 持續三年; 二千至三千萬人死亡 Opposition to Mao from Marshall Peng Dehuai at 1959 Lushan Plenum 1959年盧山會議彭德懷元帥反對毛 Split with Soviets; withdrawal of Soviet advisors in 1960. Retreat from GLF 與蘇聯絕裂; 蘇聯顧問1960年撤離. 結束大躍進 US president Kennedy strongly opposed "national liberation movements," e.g. in Vietnam 美國總統甘迺迪強烈反對”國家解放運動” 例如越南 US leaders believed Mao and other Asians did not value life 美國領導人相信毛和其他亞洲人不重視生命價值

  7. Kennedy backed commando raids by Guomindang and refused PRC offer of talks. Third Taiwan crisis in 1962 甘迺迪支持國民黨突擊隊的襲擊和拒絕中國會談要求. 1962年第三次台灣危機 Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962; US confronted Soviets; China-India border war at same time 1962年古巴導彈危機; 美國對峙蘇聯; 同時有中印邊境戰爭 Kennedy gave support to Diem in Vietnam, but later gave OK for his assassination in 1963 甘迺迪給越南吳庭艷支持, 但後來1963年同意將他暗殺 US worried about China making nuclear weapons 美國擔憂中國製造核武

  8. US President Johnson saw Vietnamese as extension of Chinese; created Gulf of Tonkin Incident to escalate Vietnam War 美國總統約翰遜視越南人是中國人的擴張; 製造 ”東京灣事件” (/北部灣事件) 以激化越戰 US helped engineer destruction of China's ally, Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) 美國幫助策劃消滅中國盟友, 印度尼西亞共產黨 (PKI) Lin Biao's 1965 call for world's countryside to encircle cities ("Long Live the Victory of People's War") appeared 林彪1965年呼籲全球農村包圍城市 (“人民戰爭勝利萬歲”) 出現 Implied that China would not intervene directly in Vietnam 暗示中國不會直接介入越南

  9. China did send 300,000 PLA men to do construction and staff anti-aircraft guns 中國派三十萬解放軍到越南修工事及指揮高射炮 At peak of war, 50,000 Chinese soldiers engaged in combat-related activities; 4,000 killed by US bombings 戰爭高峰期, 五萬中國士兵參與與戰役有關的事務; 四千人被美軍炸死 Cultural Revolution began in 1966; by 1967 there was civil war in much of China 文化大革命1966年開始; 1967年中國大部份地方有內戰 China withdrew most diplomats; Foreign Ministry taken by rebel Red Guards 中國撤回大部份外交官; 外交部被造反的紅衛兵奪權

  10. Tension with Soviets escalated. 與蘇聯的緊張加劇 Big leftist movements in France and elsewhere in 1968 1968年在法國和其他地方的極左派運動 Tet Offensive by Vietnamese National Liberation Front “越南國家解放陣線”發動新年攻擊 Discussions in Johnson administration about "taming China" through diplomacy 約翰遜政府討論透過外交 ”馴服中國” Johnson decides to not seek another term; Nixon wins presidency in 1968 約翰遜決定不角逐另一屆; 尼克遜1968年勝出總統選舉

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