GROUP 8

1. GROUP 8 Fatimah Amirah Omar Noor Zilawati Md. Uris Sabrina Haani Salamun Siti Norbaya Mohd. Radzuan Suhamira Nordin

2. QUESTION • Discuss, compare and contrast the concept of man, knowledge and education from Islamic and Western perspectives.

3. THE CONCEPT OF MAN

4. Have ‘aql & nafs As God’s vicegerent (khalifah). Made from clay / soil. Believe in the unseen (God, heaven, hell etc.) Amr ma’ruf nahi mungkar Man (homo sapiens) evolved from apes. Seeing is believing. Based on rational & majority. Do not believe in the day of judgement / hereafter. Western Islamic

5. Responsibility – original goodness. Love – for God is the highest & strongest love he (man) has. Soul – mankind created from single soul Responsibility – original sin. Love – to something else that can be seen. Soul – as the “ source of thought activity” (The Catholic Encyclopedia) Western Islamic $$$$$$

6. Soul “ Every soul will be (held) in pledge for its deeds” (Quran, 74:38) “(To the righteous soul will be said) "0 (thou) soul, in    (complete) rest    and satisfaction!  Come back thou to thy Lord - well pleased (thyself) and well pleasing unto Him Enter thou, then among My devotees!  Yea enter thou My Heaven '. "     (Quran, 89:27-30) $$$$$$

7. Love “ Yet there are some people who adopt rivals instead of God, whom they love just as they (should) love God. Those who believe are firmer in their love of God ...” (Quran, 2:165) $$$$$$

8. The Noble Prophet(s) has said the following in one of his moving sermons thus: “I swear by Allah that all of you will certainly die, just as you go to sleep at night. Then surely you will all be raised again as you wake up in the morning. Then you will definitely be judged for the deeds you had been doing. You will get rewards for good deeds and punishment for the evil ones; it will either be the everlasting life of Paradise or the endless torment of Hell-fire.” (Cf.Sermons of the Holy Prophet, reproduced in Nahajul Balagha) $$$$$$

9. "We created you from earth and return you to earth and then bring you forth once more." (Quran,20:55) $$$$$$

10. "The unbelievers say: Is this not strange that we should be brought back after dying and turning to dust? Such a return is impossible. But We are fully aware of what the earth takes from them and it is We Who possess the Preserved Tablet." (Quran, 50:2-4) $$$$$$

11. "I did not create the jinn and men for aught but they should worship Me." (Qur'an, 51:56) $$$$$$

12. Western’s perspectives • Plato emphasized that the soul achieves a pure state only after release from its prison house in the body. • Soul – immortal - breath / life - self / mind $$$$$$

13. THE CONCEPT OF KNOWLEDGE

14. Muslims’ definitions of knowledge • A process of knowing that is identical with the known and the knower. • A form of cognition (marifah). • Synonymous with comprehension (ihatah) • A process of mental perception. • A means for clarification, assertion and decision • A concept or percept subject to apperception. • An attribute (sifah)

15. A agent of memory or imagination. • Motion • A relative term. • Defined in relation to action • A product of introspection (Tanzeem-e-Islami, internet resources)

16. Westerners’ definition of knowledge • What someone knows about a particular subject • The fact that someone knows about something

19. Danto’s model of knowledge believes SUBJECT PROPOSITION true causation FACT

21. Acquired knowledge -knowledge that man acquires or finds on his own (‘ilm al-aqliyah) THE CLASSIFICATION OF KNOWLEDGE -2nd world conference on Muslim education, 1980- Perennial knowledge -revealed, God-given knowledge (‘ilm al-naqliyah)

22. Other Islamic classification of knowledge: • Proposed by al-Ghazali: • - theoretical and practical sciences • - huduri (presential) and husuli (intellectual) • - ilm al-shari’ah (religious) and ilm al-aqliyah (intellectual) sciences • - fard ‘ain (obligatory on every individual) and fard kifayah (obligatory on community) sciences • Proposed by Muhammad Al-Naquib Al-Attas: • - the religious sciences • - the rational, intellectual, and philosophical sciences

23. ISLAM STRESSES ON KNOWLEDGE • “Read in the name of thy Lord who createth..” (96:1) • “Our lord is He who gave into everything its nature and constitution, and then guided it aright” (20:50)

24. In the Qur´an the word ‘alim has occurred in 140 places, while al-’ilm in 27. The total number of verses in which ‘ilm or its derivatives and associated words are used is 704. The aids of knowledge (book, pen, ink) amount to almost the same number. Qalam occurs in two places, al-kitab in 230 verses, among which al-kitab for al-Qur´an occurs in 81 verses. Other words associated with writing occur in 319 verses. The Islamic revelation started with the word iqra´ (‘read!´ or ‘recite!´).

25. THE CONCEPT OF EDUCATION

26. ‘Read: And thy lord is the most Bounteous, Who teach by the pen, Teach man that which he knew not’ (96:3-5; Al ‘Alaq) ‘A drop of sweat of the brow of a thinker is better than the thousand blood drops of the martyr’ (famous Hadith)

27. ISLAMIC VS WESTERN

29. In summary, the Islamic and contemporary western philosophies of edu. Bare some resemblance to each other in their social and individual aims • However, there are poles apart with respect to their philosophical bases.(western-lack of divine principles & values) (Islamic-imbued with divine principles & natural laws) • More importantly it gave raise to 2 diff. sets of individuals having variant attitudes and believes towards God and His creation.

30. ‘For you (God) subjected all that is in the heavens and on the earth, all from Him. Behold! In that are signs for people who reflect’ back

31. ‘The way one of the prophet Adam’s (PBUH) son learn how to bury his dead brother by watching the similar demonstration from a bird’ (E.g. in 5:27; Al-Ma’idah) back

32. ‘Al Faruqi asserts that the humanistic studies of western man & the social analysis of western society by a western scientist are necessarily ‘WESTERN’ and cannot serve as a model of studies of Muslim and their society’ back