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The earth's changing climate

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54 diapositives · 853 Views · Oct 23, 2014

Chapter 13. The earth's changing climate. Reconstructing Past Climates. Techniques Glacial landscapes CLIMAP Ice cores Otoliths Dendrochronology Climate Throughout the Ages Earth 8-15ºC warmer than it is today Ice Age/ Interglacials Younger- Dryas , mid-Holocene maximum.

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The earth's changing climate
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  1. Chapter 13 The earth's changing climate

  2. Reconstructing Past Climates • Techniques • Glacial landscapes • CLIMAP • Ice cores • Otoliths • Dendrochronology • Climate Throughout the Ages • Earth 8-15ºC warmer than it is today • Ice Age/Interglacials • Younger-Dryas, mid-Holocene maximum

  3. Fig. 13-1, p. 375

  4. Fig. 13-1a, p. 375

  5. Fig. 13-1b, p. 375

  6. Fig. 13-2, p. 375

  7. Fig. 13-3, p. 376

  8. Fig. 13-3a, p. 376

  9. Fig. 13-3b, p. 376

  10. Fig. 13-4, p. 377

  11. Reconstructing Past Climate • Topic: Ocean Conveyor and Climate Change • Cold, salty water sinks near Greenland driving warm water north. • If the conveyor stops much colder over Europe • Climate During the past 100 years • Little Ice Age • Modern warming

  12. Fig. 13-5, p. 379

  13. Reconstructing Past Climate • Temperature Trend During the Past 100+ Years • Largest increase in temperature of any century during the past 1000 years • 0.6ºC is significant when compared to the last 1000 years • Scientists point to carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases as the cause

  14. Fig. 13-6, p. 380

  15. Climate Change by Natural Events • External Causes • Change in incoming radiation • Change in composition of the atmosphere • Change in Earth’s surface • Feedback Mechanisms • Water vapor-greenhouse gas feedback (+) • Snow-albedo feedback (+) • Infrared radiation (-)

  16. Fig. 13-7, p. 381

  17. Fig. 13-7a, p. 381

  18. Fig. 13-7b, p. 381

  19. Fig. 13-7c, p. 381

  20. Climate Change by Natural Events • Plate Tectonics and Mountain Building • Theory of plate tectonics • Ridge and subduction • Mountain interaction with airflow and ocean currents • Variation on the Earth’s Orbit • Milankovich Theory • Eccentricity • Precession • Obliquity

  21. Fig. 13-8, p. 382

  22. Fig. 13-8a, p. 382

  23. Fig. 13-8b, p. 382

  24. Fig. 13-9, p. 383

  25. Fig. 13-10, p. 384

  26. Fig. 13-10a, p. 384

  27. Fig. 13-10b, p. 384

  28. Fig. 13-10c, p. 384

  29. Fig. 13-11, p. 384

  30. Stepped Art Fig. 13-11, p. 384

  31. Climate Change By Natural Events • Variations in Solar Output • Sunspots cause more radiation to be generated by the sun • Mauncher minimum • Topic: Climate Models • General circulation models (GCMs) are not perfect but extremely sophisticated and serves as the most reliable current predictive tool.

  32. Fig. 13-13, p. 386

  33. Climate Change by Humans • Atmospheric Particles • Aerosols = natural + anthropogenic • Aerosols in the troposphere (sulfate) may cause cooling due to reflection of radiation • Topic: Nuclear winter • Explosions cause debris to rise and circulate absorbing sunlight creating darkness and cold. • Volcanic Explosions: ash and dust in the stratosphere reflect light and cool

  34. Fig. 13-14, p. 387

  35. Fig. 13-15, p. 387

  36. Climate Change by Humans • Recent Global Warming: Perspective • Since the beginning of the 20th century average global surface temperature has increase 0.8ºC • Radiative Forcing Agents • Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases disrupt radiative equilibrium, forming an increase in temperature

  37. Fig. 13-16, p. 393

  38. Fig. 13-16a, p. 393

  39. Fig. 13-16b, p. 393

  40. Topic: The Sahel • Recent studies suggest that the dry periods were due to a cooler North Atlantic Ocean, and aerosols from North America may exacerbate desertification.

  41. Climate Change by Humans • Advanced Topics: • Radiative Forcing • Any change in average net radiation that occurs at the top of the atmosphere which is due to some change in the climate system is called radiative forcing. • Climate Models and Recent Temperature • It is difficult to unequivocally prove greenhouse forcing due to the noise in the system. • Model well sulfate aerosols, greenhouse gases, change in solar radiation

  42. Climate Change by Humans • Future Global Warming: Projections • Double carbon dioxide levels will cause a surface warming of 2-4.5ºC • Uncertainties: • The effect of water and land on rising levels of carbon dioxide • Amount or greenhouse gases • Question of Clouds • Clouds reflect radiation and emit infrared radiation, positive and negative feedbacks

  43. Fig. 13-17, p. 394

  44. Fig. 13-18, p. 395

  45. Fig. 13-19, p. 396

  46. Fig. 13-20, p. 397

  47. Fig. 13-20a, p. 397

  48. Fig. 13-20b, p. 397

  49. Climate Change by Humans • Consequences of Global Warming • Land areas warm faster • Rise in sea level • Fertilize plants • Land Use Change • Desertification • Plagues and climate

  50. Fig. 13-21, p. 398