Jane Greenberg, Associate Professor University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

1. Theories of Evolution and Cultural Diffusion: The Dryad Repository Case Study for Understanding Changes in Organizing • Information Practices • ~~~~~~ • iSchool Conference • University of North Carolina • at Chapel Hill • February 9, 2009 Jane Greenberg, Associate Professor University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill janeg@email.unc.edu

2. Overview • Motivation for studying change • Theories of evolution and cultural diffusion • The Dryad Repository • Explore application of theories of change via the Dryad Repository • Conclusions

3. Confessions…. • Not an expert on the theory evolution or cultural diffusion • iSchool Conference is perfect venue to present novel ideas

4. Motivation for studying change

5. Motivation for studying change • Increase in access to a wide-variety of systems for organizing information - NSDL Metadata Registry • Ongoing development Folksonomies  formalized ontologies - National Center for Biomedical Ontology, BioPortal repository • Remarkable growth in the diversity of individuals using these systems for organizing information

6. More evidence of change • Social computing environment (Flickr, MySpace, and Connetea ) tagging/Folksonomies • Formal schemes in social networks: Flickr: Image File Format (EXIF), iTunes and Windows Media Player ID3 for MP3 audio files • Repository environment requiring author generated metadata • KOS (knowledge organization systems) relating to the Semantic Web

7. Motivation for studying change • How might we explain or make sense of this change? • What theoretical constructs may help us to understand the organizing information changes found in our evolving information systems? - Understanding change, we can more positively embrace change, facilitate effective change  greater productivity - Contextualizing change can help us to identify significant research questions, solving important problems, and advancing our field

8. Theories of evolution and cultural diffusion Why?...

9. Theories of evolution and cultural diffusion Evolution • Grounded in biological sciences • Natural selection Darwin’s Origin of the Species • Adaptation Physique of people Alaska and Siberia, compared to the ancient ancestors in warmer climates • Phenotype* • Genotype Genetic algorithms, life-cycle Cultural Diffusion • Spread of ideas, material objects, behaviors (Schaefer, 1974; Berry, 1979) • Transfer of discrete culture traits via migration, trade, war, etc. (Winthrop, 1991) • Diffusion of innovation theory (Rogers, 1995)

10. The Dryad Repository

11. The Dryad Repository • One-stop deposition and shopping for data objects supporting published research… ~ 180 data objects, 40 pubs; American Naturalist, Evolution,… • Support the acquisition, preservation, resource discovery, and reuse of heterogeneous digital datasets • Balance a need for low barriers, with higher-level data synthesis

12. A hierarchy of goals Synthesis Sharing Discovery Preservation

13. The Dryad Repository

14. The application of theories of change via the Dryad Repository Can aspects of evolutionary theory be observed…, and can they explain changes in organizing information practice? Can aspects of cultural diffusion be observed..., and can they explain changes in organizing information practice?

15. Evolutionary Theory • Metadata standards • Natural selection: Metadata functionalities supporting search/retrieval continue to play an important role: subject, including standardized vocabulary • Inheritance: Metadata application profile, drawing from Dublin Core, DDI, EML, PREMIS (perhaps also an adaptation)

16. Evolutionary Theory • Annotation and Folksonomy indicative of adaptations • Extend organizing information tasks beyond the province of the information professional; the less formalized approaches permit new inroads • Concept of a “work” via natural selection and adaptation (2 first class objects: journal article and data objects) (Smiraglia, 2001, 2008) • Data object reuse = the process of natural selection • Modified data objects = adaptations

17. Cultural Diffusion • A team of mixed expertise allowing for direct diffusion (Evolutionary biologists, computer scientists, and information/library scientists) • Authority control for scientists’ names • Specificity and exhaustivity in subject indexing

18. Cultural Diffusion • Moving forward via indirect diffusion (generally, something in the way, but diffusion takes place anyhow) - Ontologies mimicking structure thesauri Evolutionary biologists are more: • Accustomed to working with digital repositories, data deposition via Genbank, and journal repositories • More technologically competent (Connotea, Flickr) and potentially anticipating change/new organizing information features, “tagging” and “annotation” Phase 3, Dryad development plan/Web2.0

19. Conclusions • Within the construct of evolutionary theory, aspects of natural selection, inheritance, and adaptation were observed • Dryad exhibits elements of direct cultural diffusion, less clear at this time are aspects of “indirect” diffusion • Work provides examples, showing application, and…invites new questions about how to further study change • Prove applicability via empirical evidence • Studying the topics in other repositories or other information systems Jane Greenberg janeg@email.unc.edu

20. = SILS Metadata Research Center <MRC> http://ils.unc.edu/mrc/ janeg@email.unc.edu