Clash of Cultures

1. Clash of Cultures Unit 4 - Chapter 8 Turmoil in the Territory

2. This is still a no gum class. Please dispose of it properly! Bell Activity • Your words are “immunity” & “glean” • Find the word on your grey study guide and complete the following information for the word. • Find the definition using a glossary. • Use your own knowledge and experience to complete the rest of the definition. • Where should your backpack be?

3. Does your work look something like this?

4. This is still a no gum class. Please dispose of it properly! Bell Activity • Your words are “animosity” & “retaliate” • Find the word on your grey study guide and complete the following information for the word. • Find the definition using a glossary. • Use your own knowledge and experience to complete the rest of the definition. • Where should your backpack be?

5. Does your work look something like this?

6. Does your work look something like this?

7. Does your work looksomething like this?

8. Does your work looksomething like this?

9. History Objective - We will examinethe interaction between the pioneers and Native Americans, and how their cultures conflicted. Behavior Objective – Participation & Work Ethic Language Objective - We will listen to the information and write the important details in our notes. Today we will learn about…

11. Different Cultures Meet • As the new settlements grew and expanded, they spread across Utah. • These newcomers were moving into areas where Native Americans had been living for thousands of years. • These two groups lived very differently and often misunderstood each other. A Goshute woman and her child.

12. Settlers Strict rules Future oriented Strict discipline of children Land ownership Farmers Conquering nature Hoarding competitive Traditional Utes Free flowing existence Live for here & now Freedom of choice Non-owenership of the land (except for territorial boundaries) Hunters, roamers Harmony with nature Sharing Non-competitive Comparing Lifeways

13. What do you think? • “These are some of the real differences in the two cultures. You can’t judge one culture by the criteria of another culture. You can’t force the values of one people on another. It will never work. Each must have their own ways. Each must have their own source of spiritual strength.” -Forest S. Cuch, Ute and Utah Director of Indian Affairs, 1998 • Mr. Cuch feels that general attitudes in both cultures are very different from each other. Do you agree or disagree with the terms on his lists? What changes might you make to the lists?

14. Unintended Consequences • Some of the Mormon settlers tried to be kind to the natives of Utah, and vice versa. • However, the arrival of so many immigrants caused suffering to the different tribes. A Ute woman and man.

15. The Columbian Exchange

16. Disease • The most devastating effect of immigrants moving into Utah was the introduction of diseases. • Diseases even killed wild animals. They were introduced by the Mountain Men and their animals. • The effect of disease on Native American populations was profound. Estimates range from 70-90% of Native people died from diseases 1500-1900 AD. Small pox kills natives in Mexico in 1500. A man with small pox, 1912.

17. Population in Peril • Yet even with these examples of working together, one group lost their culture. • “Extending one way of life meant destroying another. In 1846, before the pioneers came, there were about 20,000 Indians and almost no whites. By 1900, there were only 2,500 Indians and 300,000 whites.” -John McCormick, Utah Historian This chart shows the change in native and white populations over 50+ years.

18. Population in Peril • Yet even with these examples of working together, one group lost their culture. • “Extending one way of life meant destroying another. In 1846, before the pioneers came, there were about 20,000 Indians and almost no whites. By 1900, there were only 2,500 Indians and 300,000 whites.” -John McCormick, Utah Historian This chart shows the change in native and white populations over 50+ years.

19. Population in Peril • Yet even with these examples of working together, one group lost their culture. • “Extending one way of life meant destroying another. In 1846, before the pioneers came, there were about 20,000 Indians and almost no whites. By 1900, there were only 2,500 Indians and 300,000 whites.” -John McCormick, Utah Historian This chart shows the change in native and white populations over 50+ years.

20. Cooperation and Kindness • With your table partners, read pages 144-149. • Make two columns on the back of this paper. • In one column, write examples of how Natives peoples and pioneers helped each other. In the other write ways they came into conflict. • Hint: They will not (and should not) be equal in length!

21. Conflict Among Tribes • It didn’t take long for the settlers to realize that the different tribes had a strong animosity for each other. • Maintaining their hold on their territories and other conflicts sometimes led to aggression and retaliation. A Ute warrior and his young wife.

22. Competition with Other Bands • Indians also did not necessarily see themselves as part of one large tribe. • A Ute leader, Walkara, welcomed the Mormons when they entered the Salt Lake Valley. • He believed they could help him and his people, who lived near Utah Lake, fend off other bands within the tribe. • He told one settler, Dimmock Huntington, “It was good to kill the [Timpanogot] Utes.” An elderly Walkara

23. Exploitation of Other Tribes • The Paiutes welcomed the Mormons and helped them survive. • They hoped that these newcomers would help protect their people from the Utes. • The Utes were very skilled with horses and often raided the Paiutes and Goshutes for slaves. • This slave trade had been introduced by the Spanish centuries before. A Paiute family outside their wikiup.

24. Indian-White Conflicts • In spite of efforts on both side to work together, conflicts erupted as settlers continued to encroach on Indian lands. • The Walker War was just the first of many “wars” between the two peoples. • Often times innocent people were killed, like the Indian that triggered the Walker War or John Gunnison, an engineer who was killed by natives retaliating for attacks on their people. A drawing of a younger Walkara.

25. Indian Farms • Like other white settlers across the U.S., the Mormons believed that their agriculture and religion would improve the lives of the various tribes. • They tries to convince the Indians to settle on farm lands where they would provide them with food, clothes, work, and farming techniques. • These farms were often created in areas were tribes, like the Pahvant Utes, were already practicing agriculture on a small scale. • Spanish Fork was just such a farm. • But most natives preferred to keep their own traditional lives and fought to maintain them.

26. Religious Conversions • As Native Americans continued to see their way of life change by the influx of settlers, some sought connections to the newcomers through their religion. • One such convert was Little Soldier, who was a member of the Northwestern Shoshone band and was baptized into the LDS church. • When he was killed by stray bullets, his funeral was attended by both natives and whites. Members of the Shivwits Paiute band being baptized.

27. Hamblin, the “Peacemaker” • The most famous Mormon missionary to the Indians was Jacob Hamblin. • After an incident in a small battle, he believed that he should work to befriend and understand the natives instead of fighting them. • He learned the Paiute and Ute languages and worked to settle disputes between Indians and settlers, gaining the trust of both. Hablin worked to convert and befriend Native Americans in Utah.

28. Think and Write… • How do you think that people from two very different cultures can live peacefully side by side, to the benefit of both groups?

29. History Objective - We will examinethe interaction between the pioneers and Native Americans, and how their cultures conflicted. Behavior Objective – Participation & Work Ethic Language Objective - We will listen to the information and write the important details in our notes. Today we will learn about…

30. Cooperation and Kindness • Although their cultures were very different, there are many examples of cooperation between natives and settlers. • Settlers & Utes in Sanpete work together to get supplies through the snow. • During the time that the Mormons were starving, Ute and Shoshone women taught them to eat sego lily roots. • A pioneer girl with no shoes was given some by her Indian friend. • In Nephi, a native woman visited the townspeople to ask for food, but found they had less than she did. She returned and gave them some of her food. • Women of the Mormon Relief Society worked to make clothing for Indian women and children. • Native women would often glean the settler’s field after the harvest to gather food that was left behind. • These two groups were now very part of each other’s lives.

31. Linking the Past to the Present • In what ways do people of different religious, ethnic, and social experiences sometimes misunderstand each other today? • Where are some of the places in the world today where conflict is based on different cultural backgrounds? What are some of the issues being contested?