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Projects for Balkan Federation

Projects for Balkan Federation. The Balkans: a ‘region’ ? Different projects for Balkan Federation Main political parties Left: socialists and communists Right: Agrarians Conclusion. The Balkans as a ‘region’ ?. Region: Balkan Peninsula (1808, by German geographer Zeune)

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Projects for Balkan Federation

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  1. Projects for Balkan Federation

  2. The Balkans: a ‘region’ ? • Different projects for Balkan Federation • Main political parties • Left: socialists and communists • Right: Agrarians • Conclusion

  3. The Balkans as a ‘region’ ? • Region: Balkan Peninsula (1808, by German geographer Zeune) • Italic/Spanish peninsula • New concept: Southern Europe (Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe-EU) • Federalism in the Balkan: • Paradox: socio-cultural affinities and nationalism in the XIXth century • Different identity construction • Greece • Albania • Romania • Former Yugoslavia • Bulgaria • Turkey

  4. Role of Foreign Powers: ‘Balkanization” • Fragmentation • Foreign intervention (negative)

  5. Federalists Projects in the Balkans: the socialist blueprint • Socialist Projects: • Botev (Bulgaria) • Markovich (Serbia) • Project for Balkan Federation as early as 1870s • Problems: • Left weak • Backwardeness

  6. 1910s: Left stronger with political developments • anti-War and Federation including Turkey • Proletariat • Balkan Wars • 1912: First Balkan War => progressive democratization and close union • Second Balkan War: socialist grew even bigger • Anti-War before 1914 with exception of Greek socialists

  7. Divide between socialists and communists • Socialist International: rapprochement between peoples and federation of independent states • Balkan Communist Federation: self-determination and federation => Balkan Soviet Republic

  8. Federal Projects in the Balkan: the ‘Agrarian Blueprint’ • Agrarian Party • Main figures: Dimitur Dragiev and Aleksandur Stamboliiski • WWI: opposed to War and against King Ferdinand=> abdication in 1918 • Program: anti-Army and peasants • Stamboliiski: • Federative projects • Reactions of Italy • 1923: assassination of Stamboliiski by IMRO

  9. Croatia: Agrarian party of Stefan Radich • Same program than in Bulgaria • Same federative projects >< centralization policies in Serbia and Yugoslavia • Assassination of Radich

  10. Agrarians and Communists: difficult relationship • Complication: Macedonia and IMRO • Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization • During WWI: instrument of Bulgarian government • After WWI: against Treaty of Neuilly • Further cooperation between Sofia and Belgrade • Domestically: campaign of terror and assassination of Stamboliiski

  11. IMRO: • Autonomy of Macedonia and Federation • Rapprochement with the Communists (Journal: ‘the Balkan Federation’ until 1931 • Against Balkanization • Division • IMRO united: cooperation with Communists • Against Communists

  12. Yugoslavia: • 1925: suspension of Parliament and killing of Radich • 1929: dissolution of all political parties

  13. Conclusion • Strong federal idea but political divisions and realities on the ground • Project to address specific issues • The ‘Macedonian question’ • Against centralization in Yugoslavia • Social and economic agendas • Integration and post-nationalism

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