Presentation Transcript

1. Accelerating Global Change and Realignments, c. 1900 to the Present

   Period 1 Rebecca Aldrich Lindsey Wong Maddison Hill Min Kim Melissa Steller
2. The Great War World war I
3. The Drift Toward War From the Early 1900s there were national rivalries, colonial conflicts, and economic competition between European countries, such as Britain and Germany. Aggressive Nationalism: Ethnic peoples wanted independence, this threatened empires. Economic competition: National rivalries increased nations because nations wanted to increase economic predominance such as the naval race between Britain and Germany. Colonial Conflicts: Countries wanted to colonize to gain more resources to enhance their power.
4. Political Alliances Political alliances grew to become tensions among global powers. Such as The Central Powers, and the Allies. 1914, The Central Powers (Triple Alliance): Consisted of Germany and Austria – Hungary as a Dual Alliance at first (1879) but Italy joined (1882) out of fear of France. 1914, The Allies (Triple Entente): Consisted of Britain, France, and Russia. War Plans: Alliances were prepared for war, and created plans of attack for when the time came. The French plan, XVII, was straight forward attacks. The German plan, Schlieffen, consisted of a swift attack on France, then defense against Russia.
5. The War Begins: With the assassination of Francis Ferdinand (June 28, 1914), by the Serb nationalist GavriloPrincip, the Austro-Hungarian government declared war on Serbia, July 28, 1914. - The formed alliances came into play, and Russia mobilized against Central Powers, while the Germans declared war on Russia and France. Archduke Francis Ferdinand
6. The Great War: New Military Technology Mutual Butchery: Technological advancements made this war especially, more gruesome than any other. - Trench Warfare: Created stalemates in battle. - New Weapons: Armored tanks were used to take down trenches, and barbed wire surrounded the battle fields in areas known as “no-man’s land”. Poisonous gas (mustard gas) used by both sides causing massive deaths.
7. Total War: Struggle on the Home Front Affects on Civilians: Countries extended the military draft from ages 16 – 60. Civilians now targets of attack through raids and blockades. Pressures for more raw materials and manufactured goods lead to longer work hours, and less pay for workers. Women began to join the work force, and participated in jobs typically meant for men, a liberating experience, despite dangerous working conditions. Propaganda was used to dehumanize the enemy, and maintain spirit, to create national unity.
8. Asia Enters World War 1 Japan entered WWI on August 23, 1914 on the allied side. Japan takes Qingdao, Marshall Islands, Marina Islands, Palau, and the Carolines, and then issues the 21 Demands to China. After taking over much of Chinese and German territories, Japan moved to exploit the pact held with the allied forces. On January 18 1915 Japan issued 21 demands to China, and if agreed to, making China a territory of Japan, under complete control by Japan. However this treaty was leaked to British forces and China was saved.
9. European Colonies Europeans took advantages of colonial resources such as: Acquired extra soldiers to join their colonial troops Used the raw materials to build up their military technology Brought battles to the colonies themselves as well. For example, the battle at Gallipoli, 1915. In Ottoman Turkey, the British hoped to obtain better access for the Russians, and brought in other colonial powers (Canadians, Australians, and New Zealanders). This became a long term battle, which in the end hurt the Australians the most. Compulsory services for African colonies ordered all males ages 18-25 to join the army. Britain exploited India in order to get more soldiers for their military front named Ghurka soldiers.
10. Revolutions in Russia The March Revolution, 1917: Food shortages caused uprisings in the streets, as well as the mutiny of troops, lead to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, the rise of Soviet power. Vladimir Lenin: After the success of the first revolution, there was a struggle for power between the provisional government and the Petrograd soviet of Workers’ and Soldier’s Deputies. During this stressful time, Lenin supported the soviet powers, and attempted to murder the Tsar, leading to his exile. Later, he was purposely brought back to Russia by the Germans, and lead the Bolshevik party.
11. U.S. Declares War Economic downfall: During the first two years of the Great War, many businesses began to decline and the number of unemployment rates started increasing. The British took loans from the U.S. banks and also bought war materials from the U.S. Submarine Warfare: On May 7th, 1915 the Germans sunk a neutral British passenger liner killing 1,198 lives and 128 U.S. citizens. The Germans constantly interfered with American shipping while trying to block the Central Powers. On January 12th 1917, Wilson began to prepare the U.S. army to go into war. On April 6th 1917 the United States declared war against Germany. The entry of the U.S. helped to break the stalemate in the war.
12. The End of the War The Paris Peace Conference, 1919: The Paris peace settlement was headed by leaders from the France, Britain, and the US. It consisted of 27 nations; none the Central Powers were represented, Russians included. The Peace Treaties: The French fought for the harshest terms, who wanted to permanently weaken the Germans. The Treaty of Versailles stated limitations for the German military (air force, army, & navy were limited to a certain size). The German’s were forced to accept full responsibility and reparations for the war.
13. Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points: The president hoped his proposal for just and enduring postwar peace settlement would pass at the Paris Peace Conference. He recommended open covenants of peace openly arrived at, absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas in peace and war, the removal of all economic borders and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all nations; adequate guarantees for reduction in national armaments; adjustments of colonial disputes and give equal weight to the interests of the controlling government and the colonial population.
14. Post-war Effects: The European power was as a whole weakened, and revolutionary ideas (self determination). Also some countries such as the newly separated Austria-Hungary, faced severe territorial losses. There were increases in nationalistic movements. In an effort to avoid future destructive conflicts, the League of Nations was created, the first international security organization.
15. Reforms after the Great War The League of Nations: After the Great War, the League of Nations was the first permanent security organization that attempted to sustain world peace. The League, however, was unsuccessful because it had no power over the other countries and because it relied on collective security to preserve global peace.
16. World War I: Affects Japanese Economy and Chinese Culture Japan’s economy during and after WWI Japan’s economy during WWI experienced a boost as their manufactured products were in great demand during WWI, once the war ended hyperinflation occurred, and in combination with the Great Depression of the United States, the Japanese economy fell. Women began to challenge traditional values in China Chinese women began to accept radical changes to the traditional values spurred by the changes of identity and behavior after the turmoil of The Great War. Social ideals for women began to change across China.
17. The Age of Anxiety Post – war Pessimism: Many writers reffered to this as the “lost generation” (Gertrude Stein), and wrote about the massive losses that came about because of the war. Religious Uncertainty: Religious ideas came into question as scientific reason came to light. Albert Einstein, created the Theory of Relativity, which caused people to question what was certain and uncertain. Werner Heisenberg, came up with the Uncertainty Principle which challenged long held assumptions about truth; cause and effect. Sigmund Freud, challenged established concepts of morality when he came up with the theory that identified a conflict between conscious and unconscious mental processes that lay at the root of neurotic behavior.
18. Art, Architecture & Economic Experimentation Experimentation: Pablo Picasso: was influenced by African art forms, expressing anti – war sentiments through his art, such as cubism. Other artists such as Paul Gauguin, and Edgar Degas, also tested the boundaries of what was accepted in society. Bauhaus: Was an institution which brought together artists, architects, and designers from all over. The first director Walter Gropius, whose theory of design became the guiding principle of Bauhaus, which focused on functional designs. Pablo Picasso’s Guernica, shows the devastations of war.
19. Economic Theory John Maynard Keynes: His answer to the economic depression was to have the government very involved in the economy, to stimulate the economy by increasing money supply/consumer demand.
20. Economic Problems after the Great War The Great Depression: After the Great War, U.S. loaners loaned money to fund amends to England and France. In 1928, the U.S. financers began to withdraw their finances leaving the financial system in Europe in chaos. The Crash of 1929: After World War I people began to invest money and began to buy great quantities of stocks. By October 1929, stock prices became overvalued and people lost their life-savings. This situation worsened when the loans began to be collected. After the Crash of 1929, many people lost their money and were not able to buy merchandise. As a result of this, many stores went bankrupt and this increased the number of unemployed citizens. Economic Nationalism: After the Great Depression, the U.S. Congress tried to reform the U.S. by passing the Smoot-Hawley Tariff in 1930, on imports of U.S. products. Following this, many other nations followed this example and raised tariffs on U.S. imported goods. But this declined that world production and trade.
21. Communism in Russia The Civil War: Opposition to the Bolshevik Party (now known as the Russian Communist Party) erupted into civil war; The Reds (Communists) vs. the Whites (anti-communist forces). The Bolsheviks assassinated Tsar Nicholas II, and later defeated the Whites. War Communism: An unplanned course of nationalization, which annulled private property, and the government assumed control of banks, industry, and other private companies. Landed estates, monasteries, and churches became national property. These new plans were generally unaccepted by people. New Economic Plan: Lenin gave some freedom back to small privately own companies, and created technological schools to train technicians and engineers.
22. Joseph Stalin After the death of Lenin, Stalin came into power, favoring socialism in one country, not internationally. The Five Year Plan: Stalin replaced Lenin’s NEP, and replaced it with his Five Year Plan. The basic aims were collectivization of agriculture, which seized private farms and created large collective farms; peasants opposed this. He also emphasized heavy industry, especially steel and machinery. However his plans were over ambitious, and the economy could not handle such plans at the time. The Great Purge: Ruthless rules collectivization led to doubts about Stalin’s administration. And in an effort to improve his image, he created the Congress of Victors (or “victims”), however he incited civil war within the party. He removed any person who was suspected of opposing his authority, who faced execution or being sent to a labor camp, also known as “cleansing”.
23. The Rise of Fascism Benito Mussolini of Italy: strongly supported fascism, “ultra-nationalism”, and built a fascist state in Italy, becoming a one party dictatorship. Adolf Hitler & the Nazi Party: Hitler first became connected to the fascist world when he joined the National Socialist German Workers Party. He put in jail when he attempted to overthrow the Weimar Republic. After being released from jail, he further went on his path to Nazi takeover. Germans at first supported the Nazi party because they resented the terms of the Versailles Treaty, and wanted to end the misfortunes that had occurred, which Hitler promised to resolve.
24. Hitler’s Reforms: Hitler and the Nazis strove to improve the quality of the German Race, through anti- Semitism. He also supported racial superiority, and encouraged German women to give birth to many children, and devote their lives to caring for them. Hitler tested the “quality” of the German peoples (Nazi Eugenics), and “cleansed” Germany of any mental, or physical disabilities. An example of these harsh Nazi plans, kristallnacht, became known as “night of broken glass” and the Nazi’s arranged for the destruction of thousands of Jewish stores and synagogues. These events lead to WWII.
25. India Began to Demand Self-Rule India started to rally against British Rule and searched for an independent sovereign nation. During World War I India began to search for independence from British colonial rule. The Indian people began by rallying against Britain by reading Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points and Lenin’s Appeal for United Struggle. Mohandas K. Gandhi steps into India Gandhi returns to India after earning a degree in Law from London. Gandhi follows and campaign of Satyagraha and Ahimsa, truth and non-violence. He reforms the caste system, renaming the untouchables of Indian Society “Children of God”.
26. Gandhi Changes India Civil Disobedience Movement Gandhi pushed the Indians to boycott British merchandise, disagreed with industrialization of India, and advocated manual labor and rural cottage industry. 1919 Amritsar Attack Amritsar is a city in Punjab in which colonial troops killed 379 unarmed demonstrators proving a point of the British hegemony over India, and in an effort to put down the conventions against British rule. Government of India Act The Indian people were afforded autonomous legislative bodies and creation of a bicameral national legislature. However they were controlled by an executive arm under the control of British government.
27. Mukden Incident Japanese start the war After the unification of China under Jieshi, the Japanese forces moved into Manchuria and in the middle of the night on September 18 1931, created the pretext for World War II. In the dead of the night they used explosives on the Japanese built railroad in South Manchuria. Japanese forces then claimed the Chinese attacked the railroad and proclaimed it the “Mukden Incident”, giving the Japanese a reason to invade China. Manchuria came to under the Japanese regime and was declared the puppet state of Manchukio. Jiang Jieshi appeals to the League of Nations Japanese advancements into China worried Jiang Jieshi greatly, and he turned to the League of Nations for support to keep from starting a war. League of Nations resisted, so Japanese withdrew from the League.
28. African nationalism Ideas concerning self-determination, articulated by President Wilson and the notion of the accountability of colonial powers that had been brought about during the war inspired African nationalists. A new social class emerged in Africa called the "new elite". This class consisted of physicians, lawyers, writers and people that studied in Europe. Jomo Kenyatta (1895-1978) spent almost fifteen years studying in Europe. Jomo Kenyatta was a nationalist that led Kenya to independence from the British. Marcus Garvey (1887-1940) a Jamaican nationalist leader and representative of Pan-Africanism preached black pride and encouraged all blacks to go, "Back to Africa."
29. Radical Artistic Visions Diego Rivera:Diego Rivera studied art in Europe and came back to Mexico during 1921. As a result of studying in Europe, Diego Rivera was influenced by both Renaissance and Cuban artists. During the late 1920’s Diego Rivera was hired to paint the history of Mexico on public buildings. During the 1930’s, Rivera was hired by the Detroit Institute of Arts to paint murals for an U.S. audience. In 1933, Rivera was requested to paint another mural in New York City. He painted a portrait of Vladimir Lenin which was they destroyed.
30. Evolution of Economic Imperialism Dollar Diplomacy: President William Howard Taft wanted businesses to trade peacefully and to develop foreign markets.European investments were substituted with U.S. investments. The dollar diplomacy also helped foreign policy aims in Latin America.
31. The Great Depression in Latin America In Latin America, economic growth halted for fifty years and led to global economic problems. Many Latin American states exported agricultural products or raw materials, therefore, many states were vulnerable to the Great Depression. Getúlio Dornelles Vargas ruled his nation with the support of the military but not the landowning elite. Vargas’ nation was able to successfully rule his nation because he was able to industrialize iron and steel. Vargas also shielded national products from foreign countries, which pleased both industrialists and urban workers.
32. The New Deal Franklin Roosevelt introduces reform Roosevelt took steps to re-inflate the economy during the hard bearing times of the depression. The main objective of the deal was to prevent the collapse of the banking system, but also to keep people across the United States with money and jobs. The deal called for policies in which workers were given the right to organize and bargain collectively, guarantee minimum wages, and provide social security as an old age. This program helped somewhat, but it did nothing compared to the massive spending the U.S. government did during World War II, causing a boom in global economy.
33. Good Neighbor Policy The Good Neighbor Policy was a policy of administration of the United States towards the countries of Latin America. The Good Neighbor Policy ensured that the U.S. would be a good neighbor and would participate in a mutual exchange with the Latin American countries.
34. Neighborly Cultural Exchanges After the nationalization crisis in Mexico, the U.S. wanted to improve it’s relation with Latin America. Many Mexicans came into the U.S. to look for jobs such as industrial or agricultural work. Carmen Miranda: Hollywood adopted a Latin American singing and dancing style to help contribute to improve the relation with Latin America. Carmen Miranda, a girl born in Portugal but raised in Brazil, became famous on a radio station called Rio de Janeiro. United Fruit Company: Another factor that helped to make the relation between the U.S. and Latin America better was the United Fruit Company who owned 160,000 acres of land in the Caribbean.
35. Jiang Jieshi and China Jiang Jieshi launches the Northern Expedition Jiang Jieshi launched a military offensive to unify china under the Guomindang rule, following the basic plan Yatsen. At the end of his campaign in 1927, he broke the alliance with the Chinese Communist Party, and set up a central government in Nanjing. He successfully declared the Guomindang the government of “A unified and sovereign Chinese state.” During this time communist Chinese moved to remote areas of southeastern China to avoid persecution in the Guomindang government and reorganize their forces to create a communist state. China manages to avoid Great Depression China was never a greatly industrialized economy and did not depend on the American market as heavily as the Japanese did, so during the great depression they were only marginally affected. Their few exports out were of tea and silk, and the decline of these markets did not cause a surge of famine because China was a country of agrarian economy. However Japanese aggression came nearer and nearer to China.
36. Communist Revolution Legendary Long March of 1934 Communists staged an attack against the Nationalist state of China October 1934 in order to once and for all take over China. Eighty five thousand troops from southeastern china and the Red Army made a ten thousand kilometer march towards the Shaanxi province in Northwestern China. These troops had to go through rough terrain, hunger, disease, and Guomindang forces, and upon arrival they fought and established headquarters and Yan’an. Maoism At this point Mao Zedong came to be the leader of the communists and established the new ideals of Maoism. Maoism was created at a blend of Leninism and Marxist models that was created on the basic principle that the foundation for a successful revolution was with the drive of peasantry. China was once against split in two, communist and nationalist sides causing the separation.
37. DADA Art Dadaism Dadaism is a cultural movement spurred by the horrifying and negative effect World War I had on people. It was considered the “Anti-Art”, it was art in which it was anything but art, but was meant to do so to mock how meaningless society’s perception of the modern world. It was also meant to be a ridicule on the ideas of capitalism, the art rejected logic and conformity, embracing chaotic scenes and irrationality. The art was meant to be controversial and it was meant to offend. It was an artistic comment on World War I meant to cause people to feel something for the devastation they just went through.
38. World War II
39. Asia For Asians Japan pursues the rest of Asia After Japan’s win in Singapore they began their expansion across and coined the term “Asia for Asians” putting the Asian people under the belief that they were going to liberate all of Asia from the European imperialists. This was popular at first, however this thought was splintered when much of Asia realized Japan was not working for the countries, but simply working for their own expansionist propaganda. The term “Asia for Asians” was soon turned to “Asia for Japanese”. Rape of Nanjing Chinese civilians were the most affected by the expansion of Japan, Nanjing and Shanhai being the first to fall to Japanese forces in December 1937. Nanjing was brutally attacked by Japanese forces fueled by their ideals of racial superiority. Their brutality including bombings, murders, burning people alive, rape of women, and the killing of four hundred thousand Chinese soldiers.
40. Italian and German Aggression Mussolini was upset with the terms after the Great War, and decided to take matters into his own hands by conquering Ethiopia through a brutal conquest. Germany also felt deep resentment for the Treat of Versailles's terms, and Hitler left the League of Nations. He rebuilt the military, and European powers did nothing to stop him. The Munich Conference, 1938: Germany was appeased during this meeting when he was given control over Sudetenland, because France and Britain wanted to avoid war at all costs. However, the next year he violated this, and later formed the Russian-German Treaty of Non-aggression, sending shock through the world. They agreed to attack each other, and promised neutrality in the event of one of them went to war with a third party. However, unknown to the public, they had secret agreements that divided eastern Germany into German and Soviet spheres of influence.
41. Total War Blitzkrieg, German War: This was also known as lighting war, which consisted of aerial attacks on Poland, who were defeated in one month, and became divided between Germany and the Soviets. Battle of the Atlantic: The British and Germans faced off in ocean warfare. The Germans wanted to block the British ships from carrying food and war materiel, and the German U-boats became quite effective at stopping them, despite the British knowledge of their code. The Fall of France, June 1940: Germany had already taken Denmark, Norway, and then launched a full-scale attack on western Europe. Belgium and the Netherlands fell, and the French signed an armistice with Germany
42. The Blitz in Britain: After the French signed the armistice, they left Britain as the only member of the Allies, and faced the Battle of Britain, where the Germans launched this with air force power. The British were able to keep the Germans from entering, and left Hitler with no choice but to abandon hopes of taking Britain. Operation Barbarossa: The German’s set their sights on Russia, which he planned to be an easy victory. But his troops were unprepared for winter in Russia, as well as the Russian’s industrial capacity. The Battle of Stalingrad, is where the Russians defeated the Germans and made an Allied victory.
43. Pearl Harbor Japan breaks WWI settlements Japan broke WW1 settlements by invading China and occupying Indochina. U.S. placed and oil embargo in response Japan Bombs The Pacific Coast On the 7th on December 1941 six Japanese aircrafts flew over the Pacific Naval Base with 350 bombs and devastated the Air Base and destroying U.S. naval capacity. Japan swept through the Philippines, Guam, Wake Island, Hong Kong, Thailand, and British Malaya. Eventually even the British held province of Singapore fell to the Japanese on February 1942.
44. Magic Meets Kamikaze Magic On June 4th 1942 the American dive bombers attacked the Japanese naval fleet and sunk three carriers. They soon had enough front to move towards Iwo Jima and Okinawa. The American forces were able to do so by attaining “Magic” the secret weapon that could decipher Japanese radio frequencies. They learned of the planned attack on Midway from the Japanese and beat them to the punch on June 4th. Kamikaze In the cities of Okinawa and Iwo Jima the fighting was long, brutal, and deadly. The Japanese forces created a new kind of military mission in which a pilot would fly a plane with just enough gas to reach an enemy ship and dive bomb it. This and the fact that 110,000 Okinawa’s people went down with a strong fight and refused to let the U.S. forces win, led the United States to the idea that they would never win. The U.S. felt that new measures needed to be taken in order to win against Japan.
45. The Holocaust This even shows the Nazi’s extreme anti – Semitism, when they annihilated millions of Jews, Slavs, Gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovah Witnesses, and communists for Hitler’s Final Solution. Hitler suffered from Xenophobia which is a fear of foreign races.At the Wansee Conference Nazi leaders agreedto evacuate Jews from Europe to labor camps, like the most well known camp, Auschwitz. There was Jewish Resistance, like the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, where the few Jews that were left rose up against the Germans, however they were crushed. About 5.7 million Jews altogether were killed during the Holocaust.
46. Allied Victory in Europe The Allies had continued success in Europe, and Italy joined the Allies. In an attempt to take western Europe, the Germans were overwhelmed by British, French, and US troops, and two fronts collapsed due to around the clock bombing. Hitler committed suicide during this time, April 30.
47. The Atomic Bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki The American Forces created the brand new technology of the Atomic Bomb, and only tested it once, before deploying it upon Japan to end the war. The Bombs hit on August 6th and 9th 1945. They devastated the people of Japan, causing long lasting unforeseen effects.
48. Life During the War The Germans forced many of their conquered peoples into labor camps, similar to the Japanese. There was resistance to this occupation, where they committed sabotage, armed assaults on occupation forces, and assassinations. Other resisters chose to gather information and hid and protected refugees. There were also smaller acts of resistance, such as graffiti. There were harsh punishments however for such resistance. Life for Women: Like WWI, women joined the war effort, and experienced liberation once again. Over half a million British women joined auxiliary services. In an effort to support the soldiers in WWII, Coca Cola sent shipments to troops all over the world.
49. Drink Up!
50. Women in War:Japan Comfort Women Unlike the U.S. World War II was not liberating or filled with feminists movements for Asian women. The Japanese government forcibly recruited upwards of 300,00o women to serve as “comfort women” for the soldiers as a gift from their Prime Minister during the war. The women were abused and raped as they served in Comfort Houses and Consolation Centers. The women were recruited from all over, including Korea, Taiwan, and Manchuria, however the good lot of them came from Korea.
51. Postwar Settlements and the Cold War The Soviets and US emerged as superpowers post war. Yalta and Potsdam: The settlements for the war were established. Each Allied power was to occupy and control territories, liberated by its armed forces. The Warsaw Pact: Formed by Soviets in response to NATO, where seven communist European countries joined forces in defense of NATO. The United Nation, 1945: Established to maintain international peace security. The plans for the UN were finalized at the United Nations Conference in San Francisco. However it became clear that these global issues would not go away so easily.
52. The Truman Doctrine On March 12th, 1947 the Truman Doctrine was declared. The Truman Doctrine preserved the U.S. awareness of a divided world between free and enslaved people. They would have a strong interventionist foreign policy, which was centered on the containment of communism. For example, they sent large sums of money to Greece and Turkey . The world became divided into two parts, each lead by a superpower, who gave economic and military aid to nations within their spheres of influence.
53. The Marshall Plan: The Marshall Plan was an European Recovery Program that was named after the U.S. secretary of state, George C. Marshall. George C. Marshall proposed to rebuild Europeans economies. The Marshall plan helped Western European Economies to rebuild more than 13 dollars worth of reconstruction. The United Nations: The United Nations was formed by a supranational organization to maintain world peace. In 1944, the proposals for the organization was finalized at Dumbarton Oaks in Washington, D.C. by representatives from China, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States.
54. The Cold War After WW2, Europe was divided into competing political, military, and economic blocs that were dependent to the U.S. or USSR. These blocs were separated by what Winston Churchill called and “iron curtain.” European nations tied to the U.S. had capitalist economic systems and parliamentary political systems. Eastern European nations embraced Soviet political and economic institutions.
55. Germany in The Cold War A Divided Germany: U.S., Soviet Union, Britain, and France occupied Germany and Berlin and had it separated into four different zones.Britain, U.S., and France merged their occupation zones and created a new currency, this worried the Soviet Union. Blockade and Airlift: In response to the combining of the western forces, Soviets blockading road, rail, and water links between Berlin and West Germany. Stated that Allies had no jurisdiction in Berlin. Americans and British responded by using and airlift to provide the city with supplies. The blockade failed and eventually the U.S., British, and French zones merged to form the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany). The Soviet occupation zone became the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). Berlin Wall: Communists is East Germany built wall to keep East Germans from moving to West Germany. The Nuclear Arms Race: U.S. and Soviet Union formed military Pacts (NATO and Warsaw). Both sides had acquired the capacity for mutual assured destruction (MAD).
56. Korea The 38th Parallel After WWII the Soviet Union and U.S. both had partitions over Korea, and since they were unable to come to an agreement on how to unify the country (Communist or Capitalist) the two countries agreed to separate it into North and South Korea. They became the official states of the Republic of Korea in the south with Seoul as the capital, and in the North the People’s Democratic Republic of Korea with Pyongyang as the capital in 1948. South Korea was put under the power of the anticommunist Syngman Rhee, while the north was under the control of the revolutionary communist Kim Il Sung. However this peace agreement did not last long
57. Korean War Kim Il Sung makes advancements on South Korea On the 25th of June 1950 North Korean forces cross the 38th parallel, push back Korean Forces, and take over Seoul. The U.S. responded immediately assuming the USSR sanctioned the action, back by the precarious relationship between the two countries. The United States army entered but suffered many losses, and finally came up with a risky, but smart plan, operation at Incheon. At Incheon U.S. forces went on the offensive behind North Korean lines and pushed North Koreans back to the 38th parallel. The Americans saw the success of this plan as an opportunity to unify Korea and chose to do so by occupying Pyongyang and moving to the Yalu River. This encroachment on Chinese border caused China to start to worry, and when American forces showed no signs of backing off, Chinese Soldiers leaped into action. North Koreans and Chinese work together When the Americans refused to back off Chinese soldiers poured across the Yalu River and combined forces with the North Koreans to fend of the American troops. Each sid continued this fighting for two years until the whole thing came to a bloody stalemate.
58. SEATO North and South Korea cease fire July 1953 After both sides were worn out from fighting, their combined losses close to 3 million people, both agreed to cease fire in July. The two sides did not choose to draw up a peace treaty. United States creates SEATO The United States saw North Korea as a communist threat after the Korean War, and became convinced of the “Domino Theory” stating that if one country became communist, the rest were only close behind. Therefore the U.S. set up the Southeast Asian Treaty Organization that promised to bring protection and economic aid to non communist countries. This idea was soon spread to communist threats in Central and South America and Africa.
59. Confrontations in Cuba Nuclear Flashpoint: The Cuban Missile Crisis almost brought the superpowers to a nuclear war. In 1959, Fidel Castro Ruz led a revolutionary movement that overthrew Fulgencio Batista y Zaldivar, who had put effort into creating a harmonious relationship with the U.S, who feared the friendly Soviet-Cuba relationship. Bay of Pigs: The tension between Cuba and the U.S. increased when Castro supported the USSR’s foreign policy. Therefore, President John F. Kennedy allowed the invasion of Cuba. However, the U.S. invasion quickly faded when the promised American air support failed to appear. The Cuban Missile Crisis: JFK learned of missile launchers in Cuba and he ordered them to be gone.
60. Cold War Societies Women: Women in the Soviet Union worked more as opposed to American women who were encouraged to stay home with their families. French writer Simone de Beauvoir wrote The Second Sex in 1949, which reflected the discontent of women. Cold War Consumerism: Soviet Union couldn’t match U.S. in the provision of material wealth. Kitchen Debate: Nixon and Krushchev argued over consumerism and capitalism vs. communism. The Space Race: Soviets launched first satellite into space, Sputnik. Soviets also put the first man in space, Yuri Gagarin. These advances worried the U.S. Peaceful Coexistence: Krushchev visited the U.S. and showed signs of peace between the two superpowers.
61. Black Nationalism Bob Marley's reggae music became popular around the world. His song "Get Up Stand Up" spoke to millions of blacks fighting for their freedom. This shows how popular culture reflected the changing times around people.
62. Challenges to Superpowers France: French president Charles de Gaulle wanted Europe to be free of superpower dominance. He pursued independent policies. French rejected a partial nuclear test ban treaty. In 1964 France detonated first atomic bomb. Yugoslavia: Marshal Tito ruled Yugoslavia and resisted Soviet control, causing Yugoslavia to be expelled from the Soviet bloc. Refused to take a side during the war.
63. Hungary: Hungary was most serious challenge to Soviets. Hungarian citizens demanded democracy. Imre Nagy gained power and announced Hungary’s neutrality and withdrawal form the Warsaw Pact. Uprising was crushed, Nagy was executed, and Janos Kadar was put in place as ruler by the Soviets. Czechoslovakia: Alexander Dubcek launched democratic socialist revolution and supported the liberal movement “Prague Spring”. Brezhnev doctrine justified Ilyich Brezhnev crushing the revolution.
64. China Reorganizing Constitution of 1954 The new political institutions of China were set in stone by the drawn up new constitution of 1954, guaranteeing Mao’s reforms. Five Year Plan China followed their first Five Year Plan in 1955, designed to imitate the 1929 Soviet Five Year Plan. This plan confiscated private farming in farming communities so that every person was granted an equal amount of land, and instilled collective farming across the nation. Along with this the plan outlined a push for industrial power and extended social services such as education and healthcare. It challenged strong traditional Chinese ideals by giving women equal rights, eliminated arranged marriage, gave equal access to divorce, and finally dropped the discriminatory practice of foot binding.
65. French and Vietnamese French try to take Vietnam Vietnam was ruled by the nationalist communist leader Ho Chi Minh, who was a great advocate of an independent state of Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh issued the Vietnamese Declaration of Independence, modeled after the U.S. declaration, in order to maintain independence after World War II ended and Japanese control waned. However the French felt disgrace having lost so easily and demanded reclaim of the Vietnamese territory. The French invaded and took over Saigon in 1945, and when faced with hostility from the northern nationalist communists, they brutally attacked. The French dropped bombs all over Hanoi and Haiphong killing ten thousand, if not more, civilians. By 1947 the French appeared to have completely taken over.
66. Geneva Peace Conference French Sued for Peace in Vietnam The French forces went to the Geneva conference to sue for peace in Vietnam because of their loss. The conference came to the conclusion that Vietnam would be split that the 17th parallel, creating a communist north under the rule of Ho Chi Minh and a non communist south under the rule of Ngo Dinh Diem. National Liberation Front The National Liberation Front was created by the south Vietnamese, in 1960, angered by the rule of the democratic reforms, seeking freedom from the U.S. style government. The lack of support in southern Vietnam and the north Vietnamese attacks upon the south government meant the strong influence of nationalist communism was being accepted. This angered the U.S. and the government slowly became more and more involved in southern Vietnam. In 1965 President Lyndon Johnson ordered bombings against north Vietnam and began the stalemate between the two sides of the country.
67. Vietnam U.S. in South Vietnam During the Cold War the U.S. was still extending help to Vietnam, and after Vietnam managed to avoid colonial control by France and China, it entered a war between communist and non communist Vietnam. More than half a million American troops got involved in the Vietnam war, but this unfortunately only left each side at a stalemate. Nixon pledged to end the war so he heavily bombed Cambodia. Paris Peace Accords The war did not end in 1968 and U.S. troops ended their involvement in 1973 with the Paris Peace Accords. North Vietnam and the NLF signed this agreement, but it did not last long within Vietnam. The war restarted in 1975 and in 1976 North Vietnam forcibly unified Vietnam through military defeat.
68. The End of the Cold War In 1989, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev announced Soviet withdrawal from the war. End of Communism: Came first in Poland followed by Bulgaria, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia. East Germany leader Erich Honecker was removed from power and the two Germanys united. Gorbachev’s Reforms: Tried to save the economy using perestroika (restructuring), and glasnost (opening of Soviet society and admitting past mistakes). Despite reforms, Soviet economy disintegrated. This caused Estonians, Latvians, and Lithuanians to declare independence. Boris Yeltsin dismantled the Communist party and USSR ended.
69. Global Reconstruction After the Cold War NATO: NATO was established by the U.S. in order to form an regional military alliance against the Soviet hostility. The original member in NATO included the U.S., Portugal, Norway, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italy, Iceland, Great Britain, France, Denmark, Canada, and Belgium; these countries allied themselves to maintain peace within postwar Europe though collective defense.
70. Muslim League Muhammad Ali Jinnah creates the Muslim League “The only solution to India’s problem is Pakistan.” Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru Fight Separate States Gandhi condemned the separation of India as “vivisection” or live dissection. Nehru and Gandhi believed if India was separated they would lose their nationalist movement front, and never be able to fully attain and self-ruled politically stable state.
71. Independence for India and Pakistan August 1947 India and Pakistan become sovereign states Britain could no longer afford to hold up the Indian economy as well as their failing economy during the aftermath of and expensive second war, and chose to let India separate. India and Pakistan are set free from British colonial rule and celebrations are seen all over India. However Gandhi prophesied the damnation of the Indian state caused by the deep set sects between religion. This grim prophecy came to be true when an estimated one million people died in the migrations to Muslim Pakistan and Hindu India.
72. Bandung conference Leaders of African and Asian countries first discussed nonalignment at the Bandung Conference. In 1955 leaders from twenty three Asian and six African nations met in Bandung, Indonesia to discuss an alternative of choosing between the United States and the Soviet Union. It was the first international conference of colored peoples in the history of mankind. The Bandung Conference was the introduction to the Nonalignment Movement whose primary goal was to maintain neutrality.
73. The Creation of Israel The Arabs and Jews were competing for Palestine. The United Nations General Assembly debated the idea of dividing Palestine into two states, one Arab and the other Jewish. The United States and Soviet Union supported this idea so the General Assembly proposed the division of Palestine into two different states. Outside Palestine didn't like this solution and civil war broke out. Arab and Jewish troops battled one another until the Jews created the independent state of Israel.
74. Arab nationalism The geographic convergence of the Arab and Muslim worlds in southwest Asia and North Africa encouraged the development of Arab nationalism. It linked the religious forces of Islam and were admired by many nations that wished to fend off European and US influence. Gamal Abdel Nasser provided leadership for Arab nationalism in North Africa. He developed Egypt economically and militarily to make it the fountainhead of pan-Arab nationalism. He saw the bipolar world as an opportunity to be exploited for the advancement of Egypt. He was able to acquire military assistance from both the United States and the Soviet Union.
75. Green Belt Movement Environmental Conservation The Green Belt Movement is an organization that originated in Nairobi, Kenya that focused on environmental conservation, community development and capacity building. Professor WangariMaathai created the organization in 1977 with the National Council and Women of Kenya parties. The group has planted over 40 million trees and over 30,000 women have been trained in forestry, bee keeping, and other environmentally helpful trades. The movement has improved communities in Kenya, warding off deforestation, and helping the environment of Kenya improve.
76. Suez Crisis The Suez crisis erupted in 1956 when Gamal Abdel Nasser decided to nationalize the canal and use the money earned to build a dam at the Nile river in Aswan. After the crisis, Egypt solidified its position as leader against the charge of imperial holdovers. Gamal Abdel Nasser wanted to promote economic development in Egypt so the canal was crucial to him.
77. Forcing the French out of North Africa While France focused on Algeria, it let all of its other colonies in Africa become independent. Morocco, Tunisia, and thirteen other French colonies gained their independence. All of these colonies gained their independence in the year 1960 which became known as "the year of Africa." While the French were determined to control Algeria at all costs, Algeria was becoming more Nationalistic and sought to gain independence from French colonial rule. In 1945 French colonial police fired shots at peaceful Algerian and Arab nationalists in the town of Setif. This event started a revolution. The Algerian war of liberation began in 1954 under command of the Front de LiberationNationale (National Liberation Front, or FLN). They fought using guerrilla tactics; many people on both sides were killed. Algeria didn't gain independence until 1962.
78. Negritude African intellectuals established a movement to promote Negritude. In order to revive Africa's traditions and cultures, poets and writers expressed a widely shared pride in Africa. In many of the poems the poets encouraged Africans to turn away from European culture and colonial rule. An example would be Bernard Dadie's poem, "Dry Your Tears, Africa!" Along with this celebration of African culture, there were protests against European imperialism.
79. The Civil Rights Movement: In 1955, a African woman name Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man. Rosa Parks accelerated a major civil rights movement lead by Martin Luther King, for blacks in the U.S. and many African-Americans refused to ride city busses until they were desegregated. King used methods similar to Gandhi, of non violence, despite the violence that followed him. He lead numerous protests, and marches until his assassination in 1968.
80. Ghana's Independence After Ghana became independent in 1957, it inspired other African nationalist movements. KwameNkramah (1909-1972) led Ghana to independence from colonial rule and became a spokes person for African unity. To prepare for Queen Elizabeth II's visit in Ghana in 1961, they created a huge poster of Nkramah and the Queenside by side. This poster showed new found equality and distinctiveness.
81. Anti-colonial Rebellion in Kenya The rebellion in Kenya became violent with the conflict between powerful white settlers and nationalists. In 1947 Kikuyu rebels, one of Kenya's largest ethnic groups, began a violent campaign against Europeans and traitorous Africans. Resistance in Kenya began in the 1940's with labor strikes and violent direct action campaigns intended to scare white settlers away. As oppositions became more violent, British moved to suppress all nationalist groups and jailed it's leaders. In 1956 the British destroyed all military resistance. Despite the defeat, Kikuyu fighters gained international recognition and African grievances. Finally in 1963, Kenya was able to negotiate its independence.
82. Mao Zedong Mao’s Reforms Mao reunified China for the first time since the Qing Dynasty fell, and created a communist state. In 1958 he instituted the Great Leap Forward, which lasted until 1961, a plan meant to collectivize industrial production and catch up to the more developed nations of the globe. This plan abolished private farming and demanded that everyone work to meet a quota of production. He also organized the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. Both plans weren’t very successful.
83. Deng’s Revolution Deng takes over In 1976 Mao Zedong died and his heir Deng Xiaoping took over and normalized relations between the U.S. He opened China to capitalist and foreign values. In 1989 students of China held a Pro-Democracy movement in Beijing’s Tiananmen square, however Deng was wary of revolutionists movements and demanded the bloodly crushing of the movement. To make things worse, Hong Kong who was in the middle of their own democratic revolution came under the control of China in 1997.
84. Islamism Islamism desired for the reassertion of Islamic values in Muslim politics. It believed that the Muslim world was slipping into a state of decline due to the abandonment of Islamic traditions. Many Muslims blamed European and American models of economic development for their economic and political failure. Muslims grew angry and the Islamists solution was in a revival of Islamic identities, values, and power. Some sought to bring about change by peaceful means while others were more violent. Extremists used the concept of jihad the right to defend Islam from unjust attack, this idea often resulted to terrorism.
85. Iran-Iraq War In the late 1970's Iraq built up a strong military due oil revenues and president Saddam Hussein. Hussein launched an attack on Iran in 1980 believing it would be a quick victory making him the new leader of a revived pan-Arab nationalism. Although they were successful, it was not quick and easy; the Iranian forces were determined and the conflict became a war that did not end until 1988.
86. Indira Gandhi Indira Gandhi becomes Prime Minister of India Under Indira Gandhi's rule the Indian people were pulled down the path of a “Green Revolution” created to increase India’s agriculture in order to provide more food for the increasingly overpopulated state. The new agricultural policies however did not end up making a difference for poor farmers, and simply pushed them into deeper poverty. Indira Gandhi had a state that was now beleaguered with religious sects but also overpopulation. National Emergency Indira Gandhi declared a national emergency on India and had to government forcibly sterilize women and men. She was faced with political ridicule for her harsh birth control policies, but was eventually reelected in 1980. She was eventually assassinated by her Sikh body guards.
87. Politics and Economics in Latin America Mexico: President Lazaro Cardenas applied reforms guaranteed to Mexico by the Constitution of 1917. He returned 45 million acres to peasants and gained control of the oil industry from foreign investors. Argentina: During WW2 military leaders gained power in Latin America. In 1946 Juan Peron was elected president. He promoted nationalism, industrialization, support of the working class, and protection of economy from foreign control. Peron’s wife, Eva Person greatly contributed to his success. She acquired the nickname “Evita” and gained the support of the people of Argentina by accommodating the need of the poor. Guatemala: In 1951 JacoboArbenz Guzman was elected president. He seized land owned by the United Fruit Company which belonged to the US. In response the US sent the CIA to overthrow his government. Arbenz was assassinated and Guatemalans plunged into a civil war. Military dictatorship in Chile: General Augusto Pinochet was the military dictator of Chile from 1973-1990. During this time he suppressed political parties and persecuted dissidents.
88. Nicaragua and the National Guard Augusto César Sandino, a nationalist and a liberal general refused and demanded the removal of the U.S. marines from Nicaragua. Juan Batista Sacasa became president during the elections of 1932, which was supervised by the U.S. After becoming a president, the U.S. troops departed Nicaragua. On 1934, officers in the National Guard murdered Sandino and Somoza soon became president. Somoza was able to prove himself loyal to the National Guard and a good neighbor to the United States. Somoza was also able to gain the largest amount of wealth in Nicaragua's history.
89. OAU The Organization of African Unity was created in 1963 by thirty two member states. Their goal was prevent conflicts that could lead to intervention by former colonial powers. Pan-African unity was also promoted as another way to resist interference.
90. South Africa There was a large number of white settlers present in South Africa wish delayed black freedom. The majority of the population ere was black but they were still being taken advantage of. It was the struggle against internal colonialism, and the oppressive white regime that denied basic human and civil rights to South Africans.
91. Apartheid Growth in the industrial sector opened many jobs for blacks which gave them a chance to move up in status. This struck fear in white South Africans so they formed the Afrikaner Party in 1948, there goal was to destroy any move toward black independence. Under the National Party the government issued a new set of laws to control the black population, these laws were called apartheid or "separateness." The African National Congress (ANC) that formed in 1912 inspired direct action campaigns to protest the apartheid. In 1955 the ANC published its Freedom Charter which promoted the idea of multiracial democratic rule for South Africa. In 1961 South Africa declared itself a republic. When F. W. de Klerk became president of South Africa in 1989, he and the National Party began dismantling the apartheid system.
92. Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandela was a leader in the ANC who inspired direct action campaigns to protest apartheid. When the white regime banned ANC, Mandela was sentenced to life in prison. When F.W. Klerk became president of South America he legalized the ANC and released Mandela. He became this first black president of South America.
93. Economic Globalization GATT and WTO: U.S. politicians and businessmen wanted to create a worldwide trading organization that suited their interests, therefore they created GATT, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. This organization was signed by 23 noncommunist nations. Members of the GATT organization had debated on whether to remove or loosen the barriers to free trade. Members of the nations of GATT signed an agreement to establish the WTO or World Trade Organization. The WTO developed a opportunity for settling trade disagreements. Since then, world trade has been increasing.
94. The European Union One of the strongest regional blocs was the European Union which included: France, West Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg. They all signed the Treaty of Rome which established the European Economic Community. Their goal was to dismantle tariffs and other barriers to free trade among the member nations. Other political institutions arose soon, such as the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament, their goal was greater European political integration. This organization grew to become a super national organization with goals of economic and political integration, which can be seen clearly in The Treaty of Maestricht, which established the European Union. Eleven members have adopted a common currency.
95. Four Little Tigers Japan’s Economic Development Japan’s economy began to slowly change when their industrial societies slowly accepted capitalism on a higher level, and by the 1960’s Japan began creating state of the art exports. By the 1980’s Japan was poised to overtake America as the largest economy in the world. However their post war rates were unsustainable and the Japanese economy boom unfortunately came to an end. Japanese Influence The Japanese economy’s boom became a precept and success story in which other Asian countries strived to follow. The countries following in their footsteps were Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, and South Korea. Their expansion and growth rates in the Global Market were so remarkable they were proclaimed the “Four Little Tigers”, all competing for World Market dominance.
96. Trading Blocs NAFTA: The United States, in 1993,entered a regional alliance called NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) with Mexico and Canada (1993). This alliance established the second largest free trade zone. This was a much looser bloc, and not at coordinated as the European bloc, however, there is plans to expand NAFTA to all noncommunist countries.
97. OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was an economic alliance produced in 1960 by the oil producing states of Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela, and were later joined by more countries. Their policies contributed to the global recession and debt crisis that hurt many developing nations. Although their influence diminished in the 1980's and 1990's due to overproduction.
98. Falun Gong The Law Wheel Practice Falun Gong translates most closely to the Law Wheel Practice and was introduced to China in 1992 by Li Hongzi. The spiritual practices combines the practice of meditation and moral values such as compassion and virtue. While the religion was at first considerably supported, it was put down in the late 1990’s by the Chinese Communist Party, viewing it as a threat for it’s size. It’s size was estimated to be close to a million followers. It is said to be practiced in 70 countries world wide.
99. Pakistan and Vietnam Today Women’s Equality, Poverty, Religious and Political Sects Both Vietnam and Pakistan struggle with gender rights, both held under the strong patriarchal ideals of woman and man roles. Both countries however have made leaps for education of women and job market throughout their separate countries. Poverty however rids both countries and causes for a large amount of crime. Religious and Political divisions cause the countries to individually be at constant ends.
100. The Olympics Modern Olympics Olmypics originated at a sport from Ancient Roman times, a sport that the gods were said to have played. However in 1896 is was reinvented as an international festival of athletic strength held every four years. However it simply turned into a “political athleticism”, each country competing for Gold Medals against their political enemies. The Olympics were not even granted political immunity outside the competing itself. In 1916, 1940, and 1944, the Olympics were canceled due to global conflicts. The U.S. boycotted the Moscow Olympics in retaliation to the Soviet Union invading Afghanistan in 1980. The Soviet Union then boycotted the summer Olympics of 1984 in retaliation to the U.S. boycott. The Olympics are still held today every four years.
101. Mass Tourism The industrial society gave birth to mass tourism by providing safer and fast transportation, allowing travel to become easier. Tourism had started out as travel for recreation or study, and started to grow in Europe and America. In England (1808-1892) James cook established the first travel agency, which gave tours of Europe and the United States. In Germany, Karl Baedeker (1801 – 1859) and his son established a published firm that specialized in travel guides in German, French, and English editions.
102. Effects of Tourism Travel and tourism has grown to be the single largest industry on the planet. The total economic value of goods and services in 1996 was $3.6 trillion. Tourism has also facilitated jobs for 255 million people, attracting money and jobs. Governments have also promoted tourism. On the downside, tourism has created mostly low – paying jobs, where the most profits mostly effect where the business are located. Tourism has acted as a globalizing influence, at time creating irreversible changes within cultural traditions. Religious rituals, ethnic rites, and festivals have been reduced to a form of entertainment for tourist.
103. Creation of Afghanistan In 1996 the Islamic state of Afghanistan was created by the Taliban movement. The Taliban grout about a strict type of Islam that required women to be completely veiled in burkas, and required men to grow full beards. It also banned television, movie theaters, photographs, and most styles of music.
104. Environmental Effects The Planet’s Carrying Capacity: The Club of Rome attempted to specify the limits of both economic and population growth in relation to the capacity of the planet to support humanity. Environmental Impact: Global warming is a rise in global temperature, caused by atmospheric pollution, which had begun to take place. Habitats and animal species are now becoming extinct, and environmental resources are being used up. Biodiversity relates to the maintenance of multiple species of plants and animals. Some threats to biodiversity are urbanization, extension of agricultural activity, and exploitation of mineral, and timber resources.
105. Al-Qaeda Osama Bin Laden Osama Bin Laden created the terrorist group of Al-Qaeda and it soon turned into the core of global terrorism. Bin Laden was the seventeenth of fifty two children and fought in the Gulf War. However he became increasingly angry at American Troops when they stationed on holy soil in Saudi Arabia and bombed Iraq. Osama Bin Laden was under the deep set impression that the Americans had committed crimes that were so bad they were basically a war against God. In 1998 Osama Bin Laden publicly announced and advocated the killing of any American and American allies. 9\11 On September 11 2001 four planes were hijacked and became full on missles aimed towards the world trade centers. The planes hit the Twin Towers and caused thousands of casualties. The third plane crashed into the pentagon and the fourth landed right outside Pittsburgh. George W. Bush declared war upon Osama Bin Laden and Global Terrorism.
106. Global Terrorism September 11, 2001: New York City and Washington D.C. because the targets of a corresponding terrorist attack. Two planes crashed into the World Trade Town Centers causing the towers to collapse. After this devastating incident another plane crashed into the Pentagon and the fourth jet crashed into a field outside Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. After researching, the U.S. government identified Osama Bin Laden as the director of the attacks. U.S. President George W. Bush declared war on Osama Bin Laden and global terrorism before the ashes on the towers had settled.
107. Global Diseases Many epidemics are now under control, and the last major epidemic was the flu, which killed twenty to forty million . Other epidemics include HIV/AIDS. AIDS was first identified in San Francisco in 1981. AIDS is a threat throughout the world but Africa has been hit the hardest by the deadly disease. 35.7 million people are identified with AIDS worldwide and 25 million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. Treatments are very expensive and most African families cannot afford them. In 1921 outbreaks of Polio were plaguing America and in 1952 Dr. Jonas Salk developed the first successful Polio vaccine.
108. Cholera is a disease that effects the small intestine and it occurs in places with high poverty. Poor sanitation, crowding, wars, and famine help spread this disease and you can get the infection by eating/drinking contaminated food/water. Alzheimer’s disease is a form of dementia that has no cure and leads to death. In 1906 it was named after Alois Alzheimer and there still isn’t a proven cause of the disease. Symptoms include confusion and long term memory loss and eventually death. There are treatments but no way to reverse the disease. Red Cross Organization: The Red Cross was originally dedicated to helping wounded soldiers. In 1864 at the Geneva Conference, the convention adopted a red cross as their symbol and now they extend their mission to peacetime, and helping victims of natural disasters.